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GEOGRAPHY OF JAPAN 



Section I g General Geography 


I. DEFINITION AND POSITION OF JAPAN PROPER 

A. Japan Proper, as defined by SCAP Memoranda to the Japanese 
Government, 29 Jan and 23 March 19U6, consists' of four 
islands: Hokkaidfc, Honshu, Shikoku, and KyushtI, and 
approximately 1,000 small islands scattered in the adjacent seas. 

1. Islands and Island Groups included in Japan Proper: 

a. 

b. 

c. 

d. 

e. 

f. 

2. Islands and Island Groups excluded from Japan Proper 

a. Utsuryo-t5, Take-shima, Saishu-to 

bo Satsunan-shot<5 south of latitude 30 degrees N. 
including Kuchino-shima 

c. Ogasawara-gunto 

d. Two jima-retto 
e o Chishima-retto 
fo Shikotan-to 

g. All other outlying,. Pacific islands 

Bo The latitudinal spread (30° to U5°30 f N) is comparable to 
that from Florida to Maine. * ~ 


Sado-ga-shima 
Iki and Tsushima 
Okushiri-tc, Rebun-tu, ( 

Rijiri-to ( 

Iau Group, including Sofu-gan ( 
Oki-n o-shima ( 

Satsunan-shoto north of ( 

latitude 30 degrees N. 


( 'S: 0t t % 
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-I- 



1 0 Climatic consequences Subtropical in southern Kyushu to 
cold -winter and mild summer in Hokkaido. 

2. Settings 

a. Land 

(1) North of Hokkaidos Karafuto and Sakhalin 

(2) NW of Hokkaido? Chishima-retto 

(3) South and SW of Kyushu: Nansei-shoto 

b. Waters 

(1) East of Japan Propers Pacific Ocean 

(2) TTest of Japan Propers Japan Sea 

(3) West and SW of Kyushu: East China Sea 
(U) South of Japan Propers Philippine Sea 

II. SURROUNDING WATERS 

A. Deep water is comparatively nearer to the shore around the 
islands. Single exception is the sea off northern Kyushu 
and southwestern Honshu. 

B. Japan lies at the zone of convergence of two water masses, the 
cold water of northwestern Pacific, and the warm-surfaced 
mass known as the Kuroshiwo from the south. 

1. The Kuroshiwo moves slowly northward from the equator 
and is divided at the southern point of Kyushu where one 
branch washes the western shores of Kyushu and the main mass 
moves eastward along the southern shores of Honshu. Late 
Summer temperature averages 82 degrees]; late winter 

temperature, 68 degrees. 

2. Japan current is met by cold waters off northern Honshu, 
known as the Qyashiwo on the Pacific side. This water 
has lower salinity than the Kuroshiwo, and the temperature 
rarely rises above 6 $ degrees, even in summer. Winter 
temperatures may approach freezing point. 

C. Effects of Water Masses 

1.. Diversified climate in the northern and southern parts of 
Japan where the Kuroshiwo favors mild winter and heavy 


-II- 


precipitation for Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, while the 
Oyashiwo intensifies Hokkaido’s severe winter and heavy 
snow, 

2. Great variety and abundance of marine life, 

III. AREA AND DISTANCES 

A» Area of Japan Proper? About 114.7,000 square miles, or nearly 
the size of the state of Montana] smaller than California. 

B. See Plate 1 for distances. 

IV. LAND FORMS 

A. General land-form pattern of Japan: 

1. A thick core of moderately rugged hill land and high 
mountains containing numerous inter-montane basins, with 
a narrow and discontinuous border of terraces and 
delta-fans• 

2. About 75 to 80 % of the area is hill or mountain land. 

Many volcanic cones, such as Mt. Fuji (12,389 ft.), are 
conspicuous topographic features. 

3. The arable lands of Japan which constitute only 15.5$ 

of the whole lie between the ranges and the coasts, along 
the stream banks, and up the slopes as far as cultivation 
is possible. (The productive area of Japan Proper is 
said to be equal in size to the state of Yfest Virginia.) 

ii. The largest lowland (about 3.5 million acres) is the 

Kwanto-heiya. The coastal plains rarely extend more than 
30 miles inland. 

5. The rivers are short, swift, and shallow; little suited 
for navigation, but important for the purpose of 
irrigation and as a source of hydroelectric power. 

6. The west coast is less indented than the east coast. The 
important ports are all on the Pacific side. 

B. Possibilities of increasing the arable lands: 

1. Difficult to increase further the proportion of arable 
land in Japan. 

2. Reclamation and irrigation are being carried on, but little 
land of any value gained. Fnatever arable land is added is 


-III- 


taken away by houses* factories* and railway sites. 

3* It is said that Japan Proper has possibilities of adding 

some 2 million hectares of arable land* but the difficulties 
involved in the undertaking preclude the possibilities» 

C* Earthquakes and Tidal Waves? 

lo The high mountains of Japan are in close juxtaposition 

with one of the great ocean deeps* The principal Japanese 
earthquakes are associated with the resulting line of 
weakness| the seismic foci are associated with the outer 
side of the Japanese arc* 

2* The regions exposed to the Pacific Ocean experience 
1,500 sensible shocks every year* 

3* Many of the disturbances take place under the sea, so 
fatalities from tidal waves frequently exceed death from 
earthquakes* 

ii* Major earthquakes are not caused by volcanic eruption* 
but from earth movements* 

V, CLIMATE 

A* A large part of Japan lies in subtropical latitudes with 
abundant climatic energy and potentialities for plant 
growth. 

B* The summer season is generally sultry and oppressive. 

C * Throughout the winter months S winds in Japan prevail from 
northwest; in summer, from the southeast* 

D* Japan is humid; no section suffers from a yearly or seasonal 
deficiency of Tain* Two rainfall maxima* one in 
June (Bai-u) and one in September* 

1* Three regions of heavier than normal precipitation 
( 80-120 inches)? 

a* The Pacific side of Japan Proper from Kyushu to 
Izu-hanto. 

b. The Japan Sea side north of latitude 35 or 36 degrees 
to about Akita* 

c* Hida-kochi in Chubu-chiho 


-IV- 


2. Four regions of less than normal precipitation 

(l| 0-£0 inches). 

a 9 A large part of Hokkaido, especially in the eastern 
regiono 

bo The basins of Fossa Magna in central Honshu 

Co The Setonaikai borderlands 

do The eastern and northern sections of north Honshu 
The regional climates» 
lo Hokkaido? 

a« Climatically resembles the northeastern part of 
New England and Maritime Provinces of Canada* 

bo Summer-short and cool, the average for the warmest 
month usually below 70 degrees. 

(1) Eastern and southeastern littoral particularly 
cool in summer (below 6 $ degrees). Summer fog 
prevalent 0 

(2) Sapporo region mean temperature *or August is 
80 degrees. 

c. Winter-long, cold and snowy, with strong northwest 
monsoon wind. 

(1) With an exception in the southwestern peninsular 
region, the average temperature in the four 
winter months is below freezing. 

(2) Average January temperature in most of HokkaidS 
2-3 feet deep on the level. Snow much deeper on 
the windward west side than to the east of the 
central mountain chain. 

d. Precipitations 

(1) Hokkaido is one of the driest parts of Japan. 

At mcs t of its stations, rainfall amounts to only 
hO inches. However, no distinct dry season, although 
there are seasonal differences. 

(2) More rain in the winter half of the year than in 
the summer half of the year on the west coast. 


Converse true of the regions on the eastern side, 

e. Sunshine : 

(1) Lack of sunshine - Principal defect of Hokkaido's 
climate. 

(2) In the west, deficiency most marked in winter. 

(3) Eastern Hokkaido has the least sunshine in summer 
with dense fog covering the coastal regions. 

2. Northern Honshu: 

a. Average summer temperature above 71*6 degrees. 

b. Pacific coast a few degrees lower than in the interior 
or the Japan Sea side. 

c. Average January temperature only a few degrees below 
freezing. 

d. Rainfall heavier than in Hokkaido 1 ; abundant in the 
western Tohoku, with less rain on the eastern side 
and in the interior. 

e. The region north of Koriyama covered with snow for 
several months in winter, with heavier snow on the 

west (several feet) than on the Pacific side (6-8 inches). 

3. Rest of Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu: 

a. Summer temperature high; average for the warmest month 
between 75-81 degrees. 

b. Rainfall abundant and humidity high. 

(1) Two rainfall maxima, one in June and one in 
September. 

(2) Heavy rainfalls of over 100 inches are recorded 
at stations along the Pacific coast facing the 
inflowing summer monsoon, and along the Japan 
Sea coast which is windward during the winter 
monsoon. 

(3) U0-50 inches of rainfall along the borderlands 
of Setonaikai. 

c. Winter relatively mild, the coldest winter month 
having a mean temperature above freezing. 


-VI- 


d. Frosts are widespread throughout this region in 
midwintero 

e« On the whole, subtropical Japan has relatively severe 
winter weather for its latitudes. Kagoshima records 
average of 6-7 days of snowfall, Tokyo 13 days, 75saka 
1U-15 days, but the snow does not last very long on 
the ground. Only in the northern part of Chubu, snow 
lies deep on the ground. 

VI. NATURAL VEGETATION 

A. The Japanese Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry classifies 

of Japan Proper as forest land. 

B. The th~ee zones of Japanese forests 

1. Th> .subtropical forest zone (southern Japan as far north 
as 37 or 38 degrees K. L a t.$ mean annual temperature 
between 55 and 70 degrees F.) 

a. Broadleaf evergreen trees predominant. 

Boxus sempervireus 
Quercus ilex 
Quercus silva 
Quercus vibrayeana 
Quercus abuta 

b. Tieciduous broadleaf trees planted. 

Quercus serrata 
Quercus glandulifera 
Pinus densiflora 
Pinus tunbergii 

c. On the whole, this forest zone is not rich in good 
timber trees. 

d. Industrially important trees in this zone are wax 
tree, camphor tree and several varieties of bamboo. 

2. The temperate forest zone (from 37 or 38 degrees N.Lat.; 
mean annual temperature between h3 to 55 degrees F.) 

a. Deciduous trees predominant, and mixed forest most 
common. 


-VII- 


Maple 

Fir 

Birch mixed with: 

Pine 

Beech 

Hemlock 

Poplar 

Cedar 

Oak 



b. The region includes larger part of economically 
valuable forests. 

(1) Conifers: 

Japanese Cypress 
Arbor vitae 
Japanese Cedar 
Fir 

(2) Deciduous trees: 

Keyaki 

Beech 

Ash 

Chestnut 

Poplar 

Oak 

3. The cold temperate forest zone (northern and eastern 
Hokkaido; mean annual temperature below U3 degrees F.) 

a. Conifers predominant 

Fir 

Spruce 

b. A great variety of broadleaf deciduous trees of little 
commercial value is present either in pure or in 
mixed stands. 

c. Forests in this zone are limited commercial value 
because of their inaccessibility, but are effective 
for flood control. 

C. Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu supply £0 to 6%% of the nation’s 
timber requirement; Hokkaido about 

1. The area nlanted in conifers roughly 10 times that of the 
broadleaf trees. The species planted are Japanese cypress, 
Japanese cedar, and various kinds of pines. 

2. Two of the largest areas of planted forest are basins of 


-VIII- 


Yoshino-gawa in Shikoku and Tenryu-gawa in Chubu. 

D. Forest conservation program effectively carried out. Japanese 
consider trees as crops and not as exploitable resource. 

In Japan Proper the area of artificially planted forests 
represents 19$ of the total forest land; in Hokkaido, 1.6$. 

E. Adverse factors in Japan’s timber situation. 

1. Lack of conifer variety which is most essential for 
industrial purpose of the country. 

2. Mountainous feature of the country places forest resources 
beyond economic exploitation. 

3* The production of timber subordinated to the more urgent 
need for prevention of soil denudation. 

F. Forest utilization. 

1. Protective forest to prevent flood, soil denudation, etc. 

2. Commercial utilizations 

a. The principal products obtained from Japanese forests 
are timber, wood for charcoal, and firewood. 

(1) Japan’s broadleaf forest unfit for the production 
of lumber; thus, more important as a source of 
fuel and charcoal. 

(2) In 1937 volume of wood used for fuel and charcoal was 
more than twice that used for lumber. 

b. Coniferous trees contribute most of Japan’s lumber- 
80 to 83>$-thus, they greatly predominate in the 
planted forest. 

(1) £0$ of the total production goes into construction. 

(2) The second largest user of timber is the pulpwood 
industry. 

c. The four species most important commercially are: 

Sugi (Cedar) 

Matsu(Pine) 

Ezomatsu (Spruce) 

Todomatsu (Fir) 

Hinoki (Cypress) 


-IX- 


VII. POLITICAL SUBDIVISION 


A. A ken is an administrative subdivision of the national 
government,, 

1* Japan is divided into h3 (including Okinawa) predominantly 
rural prefectures (ken), 2 urban prefectures (fu), 

1 territorial administration (du), and 1 metropolitan prefec¬ 
ture, the Tokyo-to (city and prefecture)* 

2. Sizes of the prefectures shorn on the attached map* 


B. Counties (Gun) ( 
1 


Jp 


Gun is the division of prefectures; there are 62? gun's 
in entire Japan* 

Though the political unit, gun ,was abolished in 1926, 
it still continues to be an important social, economic, 
and geographical unit* Agricultural and business 
transactions are still conducted on gun basis, and 
on the whole, local customs coincide with the gun 
boundaries * 


Municipalities (Shi-cho-son) ( ^ 
a* Cities (shi). 


(1) Formerly under the supervision of the Home Ministry* 

(2) Must have a population of 30,000 or more* 
b. Towns (machi or cho)* 

(1) Comes under the supervision of prefectural 
governor* 

(2) Must have at least one settlement with a population 

of 5,000 or more, and it may have a number of small 
buraku ( ) as well* 

) 


Townships (mura or son) ( 


(1) Comes under the supervision of prefectural 
governor* 

(2) Population less than 5,000. 


-X- 


d. Buraku are social-economic units, each consisting of 
about 20 households, a number of which together make up 
a mura. 


VIII. 


Regional Division 
Regionally, Japan is 

eight regions: 

1. Hokkaido Chiho 

2. Cu ChihO 

5. Kantd Chiho 

4. Chubu Chiho 

5. Kinki ChifcB 

6. Chugoku Chiho 

7. Shikoku Chiho 

8. Kyushu Chiho 


the following 

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Section II: Regional Geography 
KANT5-CHIH0 ( 

R)» 32,225 sq>kilo( ^ ^ ) 

Population ( )• 16,866,093 

Density ( ^ )s £23 per sq. kilo 


Area ( 


I* Position and Administrative Sub-division (^l£. IT fr) 

A* Situated approximately in the center of Honshu, facing the 
the Pacific Ocean to the east and to the south. Beyond the 
northern boundary is the Ou-chihb, and beyond the western 
boundary is the Chubu-chihd. 


B, Administratively the region is divided into one | * , l , o n and 
six ’’Ken”. 


Prefectural Name 


(' 


ft * * ) 

Toky5-to ( % jf s fef) 


Kanagawa-ken ( VJ 

Saitama-ken ( ^ 

Gumma-ken ( $$ 

Tochigi-ken ( 
Ibarjki-ken ( ^ 
Chiba-ken ( -f ^ ^ ) 


Prefectural Capital 

ft 

Tbkyo-to # 

Yokohama ( ) 

Urawa ( ^£Z ) 

Maebashi ('ll] ) 

Utsunomiya ( j&) 

Mito ( f ) 

Chiba (A ^ ) 


*The Zunan-snooS is divided at 30 degrees north latitude, 
and only those islands north of this line are under Japan. 
These islands are supervised by Tbkyo-to, 


II. Physical Features ( ) 

A. General Description ($t) 

The northern and the western borders are covered with 
rugged mountains, and towards the Pacific extends the 
largest plain in Japan, the Kanto-heiya, vhich covers 


- 1 - 





the area of approximately 6,000 sq. miles. All the rivers 
have their sources in these mountains and flow southward 
or eastward. In the south are two hilly peninsulas, the 
Miura-hantTT and the Bosb-hanto. Between these two penin¬ 
sulas lies the Tbkyo-wan. 

B. Mountains in the north: The following mountains separate 
this region from the Ou-chiho and partly from ChUbu-chihO. 

1. Abukuma-kogen ) 

2. Taishaku-sammyaku ( ^ 

3. Mikuni-s ammyaku ( 2* % sk 0K) 

k. Nasu-kazantai ( of which the well-known 

active volcanoes are: 

Nantai-zan ( ^ Ja ) 

Akagi-san ( flk J *) 

Haruna-yama( ^ fo Ja ) 

Asama-yama ( f&\ Ja ) 

C. Mountains in the west: The following mountains comprise the 
western border of this region beyond #iich lies the Chubu— 
chiho. 

l. Kanto-sammyaku 

2. Fuji-kazantai ( ji 1A1 f) of which the most 
famous mountain is Fuji-san. 

D. The Kantb-heiya ( ^ /j\ 

The Kanto-heiya is made up of diluvial upland and geologic¬ 
ally relatively new alluvial lowland. It has the greatest 
compact population cluster. In 19U0, over IS million persons, 
or approximately 21% of the total population of Japan Proper, 
inhabited this plain. The diluvial upland is largely ash- 
covered and marked by lack of water, which makes the land 
unsuited for rice cultivation. Thus the population is more 
concentrated on the low flood-plain and delta areas where 
lands are more fertile and irrigation, abundant. 

£• Rivers ( Jl| ) 

All the rivers in this region originate in the northern or 
western mountains and flow in easterly or southerly direc¬ 
tion. The principal rivers are: 


-2- 


1. Originating in the northern mountains: 

a. Tone-gawa ( ) 

b. Naka-gawa ( ^ ;i|) 

2. Originating in the western mountains: 

a. Ara-kawa ( ft | ) 

b. Tama-gawa ( ^ ft j ) 

c. Sagami-gawa ( ft ft. ft) 

F. Shorelines ( stilt ) 

1. The eastern shores 

InubO-saki( ) _divid.es the eastern coast into 

two arcs, Kashima-ura’C in the north and 

KujtLkuri-ga-hama(^L'j*^^ i f^) in the south. 

2. The southern shores 

The two hilly peninsulas, B5so-hanto (/^ 
and Miura-hanto ( S- ^ ^ ^ ) .form a narrow channel 
called Uraga-suidS ( which leads into 

Tc5kyo-wan ( ^ ft ' 

Between IJiura-hantS and Izu-hant5 ( ^ ) is 

a bay called Sagami-wan ( yfJS 

G. Lakes ( ) 

1. Kasumi-ga-ura ( ^ ) 

This is the second largest fresh-water lake in Japan 
covering 177 sq.kilo and having-a circumference of 
1^0 kilometers. Economic value of this lake is slight, 
although fresh-water fish is caught in commercial 

quantity. 

# 

2. Kita-ura ( ) 

A fresh-water lake adjacent to Kasumi-ga-ura. 

3. Chuzenji-ko ( $ ) 

A lake of volcanic origin. It is near Nikko and adds 
to the scenic beauty of the place. 

li. Ashino-ko ( ^ 1 /$) 

Also a lake of volcanic origin near Hakone. 


-3- 


III. Climate ( ^ jl^ N ) 

A. Yfinter climate 

The high atmospheric pressure developed in the cold 
Asiatic continent forces the air in south-easterly 
direction, The moisture absorbed en-route is deposited 
on the outer fringes of the northern and western moun¬ 
tains in the form of snow, and the dry, moistureless 
wind blows over the plain* The weather is generally 
clear throughout the winter. As the spring season 
approacnes the pressure centers move from the continent 
eastward in the vicinity of Kurile. The air form tnese 
centers then travel southward, becoming warm and picking 
up moistures on the way, vl| hen it reaches Japan, it brings 
with it the drizzly weather called "Tsuyu". 

B. bummer climate 

In the summer, pressure centers move to tne Pacific and 
the southwest winds prevail. The weather becomes sultry 
and oppressive. In beptember there is the second rain¬ 
fall maximum, but after tnis is over the weather becomes 
cool and ideal for outings, 

IV, Industries () 

A, Agriculture ( ) 

1. General Description 

The region containing the largest lowland in Japan is 
most suitable for agriculture. The percentage of arable 
land (29%) ( t) W *&) is the highest of all the 
regions. However, the dry lands are more extensive 
than the paddy fields. %is condition limits the culti¬ 
vation of rice greatly. The ratio is 1,3 for dry 
lands ( /?$ ) as against 1 for paddy fields ( ^ ). 

2. Rice ( ) 

Paddy fields are found mainly along the lower basins 
of tne principal drainage system where irrigation faci¬ 
lities ( ) are available. 

3. Wheat ( ) 

This region is noted for the production of wneat and 
its related crops. 

. Barley ( £ ) - Raised in all tne ken, especial¬ 

ly, in Ibaragi, Saitama, Tochigi, and Chiba. 


a 


One-half of the total production of barley in Japai 
is raised here, 

b, Wheat - Extensively cultivated in Ibaraki, Saitama, 
Tochigi, and Gumma., About one-third of Japan's total 
production comes from this region, 

U, Sweet Potatoes ( §^3 ) 

Widely cultivated throughout the region, but principally 
in Chiba, Saitama, Ibaraki, and Kanagawa, The region 
constitutes approximately the northern limit of this 
product. 

Tobacco ( ) 

Northern Ibaraki, eastern Tochigi, and the neighborhood 
of Hatano in Kanagawa-ken are the important tobacco 
centers, 

B, Sericulture ( ^ fa ) 

Mulberry, primarily an upland crop, is raised in western 
and northwestern mountain slopes in Gumma, Saitama, Tokyo, 
and Kanagawa, 

C, Fishing Industry ( ^ ) 

The coastal waters abound in various species of fishes, 
especially off the coast of Inubo-saki where the warm 
current (Kuro-shiwo) from south and the cold current from 
north meet. Sardine is the fish most abundantly caught 
aL ong the coast of Chiba and mackerel pike along Ibaragi 
coast, Choshi near Inubo-saki is a base for the deep-sea 
fishing fleet. The important deep-sea fishes are bonita, 
tuna, vellowtail, etc. In Tokyo-wan and in the coastal 
waters of Sagami-wan, mackerel, sun-bream, and shrimp are 
abundantly caught, Tskyb-wan is especially noted for its 
seaweed known as "Asakusa-nori", 

D, Mining Industry ( ^ ) 

1, Ashio-dozan c 4Q k> 

Yearly output of! Gold (& \ - 227 kilogra m s 

Silver ( - I6,k5h kilograms 

Copper ( /pj] ) - 12,762 metric 

, > l tons 

2 , Hitachi-kozan ( 0 J 2 - A) 

Yearly output ofs _ 3,969 kilograms 

Silver - Ul,922 kilograms 
Copper - 10,790 metric tons 


-5- 


3. Jbban-tanden ( J) ) 

The third most important coal field in Japan* Yearly 
production approximately 2 million tons; total reserve 
about 200 million tons* 

E* Manufacturing Industries ( ) 

I* The region can be divided into following three industrial 
districts according to their specialities* 

a* Western and northwestern hill regions, specializing 
in sericulture and silk textile manufacturing* 

b* Lower basins of i’one-gawa where brewing industry 
predominates• 

c* Keihin-kogy5-chitai ’Ah ere modern manufacturing 
industries prevail* 

2. Textile ( !0\ ) 

a* Silk Textile (-£fj 

Gumma-ken: The centers are at Kiriu ( fjL), 

Isezaki ('rf ), Tatebayashi 

( $0* Yearly outputs amount 

to about 78 million yen* 

Tochigi-ken: Ashikaga ( ) is the center 

with annual production of about 
35 million yen* 

Other important centers are at Hachioji ('V 
in ±5kyo-to and ^hichibu j&TF) area in 

Saitama-ken* 

bo Cotton textile ( /fv $$}($$) 

^otton textile mills are mostly concentrated in 
Saitama-ken in the cities of Urawa, Omiya, and 
Tokorozawa* 

3<» Cotton Spinning Industry ( $$ 

This industry is of secondary importance in this region. 
Approximately l$% of the total production in Japan 
comes from the following ken: 


Gumma-ken: 

50 million yen yearly (1927) 

Saitama-ken: 

39 million yen ” 

Ibaraki-ken: 

13 million yen n 

Tokyo-to: 

8 million yen n 


-6- 


h* Other manufacturing industries are concentrated along 
the narrow belt stretching from Tokyo to Yokohama 
adjacent to the bay: 


Chemicals ( ^ ^ /a) 

Machineries ( 


Food Processing 


Shipbuilding ( xjj? $tz ) 

Steel manufacturing ( ^ ) 

Fertilizer ( flfL ^ 

Publishing ( ^‘| ^ ) 

5. Brewing Industry ( ilL 

The two important products are siibya ( ^ y$l ) and 
sake ( )• Of the two, shoyu is more important, 

annual production is about 700,000 koku valued at 
23 million yen. 


Transportation ( 


TSkyo is the center of air and rail transportations. The main 
railroads ( ) are as follows: 

A. To northern Japan 

Tohoku-honsen ( ^ ^©kyo- Sendai-Aomori) 

Joban-sen ( rj^ % (Tokyo-Mito-Iwanuma) 

Takasaki-sen ( (Omiya-Takasaki) 

Joetsu-sen (^ $ 3 ^) (Takasaki-Nagaoka-Niizu) 

Shinetsu-sen ( 'j'f ) (Takasaki-Uyeda-Nagano- 

Naoetsu) 


B. To western Japan 

ChuC-honsen ( rf (Tokyo-Kofu-Shiojiri-NagoyaJ 

T5kaid5-honsen (T5ky<5-K6be) 


C. Also interurban electric car system is well developed. 


- 7 - 



VI • C ommunic at i on ( 4. « ) 

The Tokyo tireless Station primarily carries on communication 
with North and South American countries and with countries 
on the Asiatic continent* 

Receiving stations ( ^ \b $*) ) - Fukuoka and Iwatsuki, 

both in Saitama-ken 

Sending stations ( /&) ) - Oyama in Tochigi-ken. 


VII* Commerce ( ) 

A* Domestic Commerce ( m $1 > 

Tokyo is the commercial center of the eastern half of Japan* 
This includes Kanto, $u, Hokkaidb, and a portion of Chabu- 
chiho* 

B. Foreign Trade ( /J' jj] ^ ) 

Export trade is conducted through the port of Yokohama. 

Before the war raw silk and silk products were the principal 
export items ^ ) • These were exported to the 

United States *T Other commodities were fish-oil, canned crab- 
meat, flour, peppermint, etc* ‘Imports ( j^ij Sc ) were 
wheat, lumber, steel, wool, cotton, etc* 

VIII. Population ( 0 ) 

A. The Kanto, along with Kinki-chiho, has the greatest popula¬ 
tion concentration. Before the war the density was over 
3>00 per square kilometer*. The densest population is found 
in the so-called Keihin-kdgyo-chitai. 

B. The population is also concentrated along the railroad from 
Tokyo to Takasaki with Takasaki and Maebashi as minor popu¬ 
lation centers. 

C. Eastern Chiba and Ibaraki-ken are less dense. Approximately 
East Longitude lUO degrees is the line that separates dense 
and less dense areas* 

IX. Cities and Towns ( M f ) 

A. TakyS-to ( ) 

1. General Description 


- 8 - 


Tokyo-to is the capital of Japan and the center of culture, 
education, politics, commerce, and transportation. The 
municipal system of former T5kyo^-shi was abolished during 
the war (in 19U3) and combined with the prefectural govern¬ 
ment into a single political unit. Thus there is no mayor 
of municipal Tokyo now, but the governor of Tokyo-to serves 
as the mayor coneomitantly. 

The western portion is mostly the Musashi highland and is 
well-known for its sericulture and silk textile industries# 
The eastern section of the prefecture is the metropolitan 
area# 

2# Metropolitan section of Tokyo-to 

a# Yama-no-te is the residential district# 

b# Shita-machi is the business district# 

c. East of Sumida-gawa and the northern and southern 
sections comprise the industrial districts# 

3# Hachioji ( /X. j£- ) - A well-known raw silk and 

silk textile center. 

U# Tachikawa ( 11 / ) - A former Japanese Army air 

base; now the Tachikawa Air Force Base# 


B• Kanagawa-ken 

1# General Description 

West of Sagami-gawa is mountainous with the famous Hakone- 
yama at the southwestern border# East of this river is 
mostly a terrace land, and Miura-hanto thrusts out to form 
Tokyo-wan in the north and Sagami-wan in the west# The only 
lowlands are found along the Sagami-gawa basin where sericul¬ 
ture is the important industry# 

2# Yokohama ( A ) - One of the two most well-known 

foreign trade ports in Japan, the other being 
Kobe# Yokohama is primarily an exporting port, 
the principal exports being raw silk, canned marine 
products, textiles, etc. to the United States# 

The principal imports are raw materials, such as 
cotton, wool, steel materials, machineries, oil, 
etc# At present it is the home of the 8th Army 
Hq. and also of Yokohama Base Command# 

3# Kawasaki ( ^l| ) - An industrial city lying between 

Tokyo and Yokohama on the Kanagawa-ken side# 

The industries include cotton spinning, steel manu- 


- 9 - 


facturing, cement manufacturing, ship-building, 
brewing, etc* 


I;. Yokosuka ( ^ ^ ^ ) -A city located on the Miura- 

hanto facing Tokyo-wan* A former Japanese naval 
base of major importance* 


5. Uraga 


6* Atusugi 


( ^ ) - Historically famous as the 

landing place of Commodore Perry and his party. 
Also known for its ship-yards. 

i/P K). A small town situated in about 

the center of Kanagawa-ken along the Sa gami-gawa* 
Atsugi airfield is well-known as the first landing 
point of Gen. MacArthur. The airfield is not in 
use any longer* 


7. Shbnan-chiho ( ^0 rf) % ) - Kamakura, Hiratsuka, Hayama, 
Oiso, Odawara along the coast of Sagami-wan are all 
well-known resort towns. At Hakone, a little inland 
from the coast, is a famous hot-spring. 


C * Saitama-ken 

1* General Description 

Western half of the prefecture is mountainous, but the east¬ 
ern half is a vast lowland whose ratio of arable land to 
the total area of the prefecture is the largest in Japan(l;5$). 
The people engage in agriculture and in small scale home 
industry, manufacturing textiles. 

2. Kawaguchi ( J 1 ) 1 C7 ) - The northern limit of the Keihin- 

kogyo-chitai. Noted for its cast-iron products* 

3* Kumagaya ( ) - A market center for cocoons and 

raw-silk. 

h* Tokorozawa ( f^\ ) — Formerly known for its Rikugun 

Hike Shikan GakkS (Army Air Corps Officers' 

Training School). 

£* Chichibu-chihs ( ^ K) ) - A center of silk-reeling 

and silk textile weaving. 


D. Chiba-ken 

1. General Description 

The southern part of the B5so-hanto is hilly, but the rest an 


- 10 - 


extensive lowland. The climate is very mild suited for 
growing fruits and raising cattle. The surrounding waters 
abound in various species of fishes. Agriculture is carried 
on in the northern part of the prefecture where wheat, rice, 
sweet potatoes are the important products. 

2. Chiba ( ^ ) - Prefectural capital • 

3® Choshi ( ) - An important fishing port on the 

east coast; also known for its shgyu manufacturing. 

E. Tbaraki-ken 

1* General Description 

In the sDuth is the vast agricultural land where rice and 
wheat are the principal products. Along the coastal area 
fishing industry flourishes. The Kasumi-ga-ura region is 
famous for shoyu production; Naka-gawa basins for tobacco 
cultivation; and Hitachi for its copper refining® 

2® Mito ( /* ) - Prefectural capital. 

3. Hitachi ( 0 Jl— ) - A copper mine and refining center. 

Both foreign and domestic copper, gold, and silver 
ores are refined. 


F. Tochigi-ken 

1® General Description 

Barley and wheat are the two important agricultural pro¬ 
ducts in the southern farming areas. Tobacco is raised 
in the eastern section of the prefecture. Sericulture 
and textile manufacturing are important industries in 
the northern hilly regions. Also a number of well-known 
hotsprings are found in the mountains. 

2® Utsunomiya ( ) - Prefectural capital. 

3• Ashikaga ( ) - An important center for the 

textile industry. 

ii. Nikko ( 0 ^Lj ) - A famous resort lawn; also known 

for its beautiful Toshogu in which many members 
of the Tokugawa family are enshrined. From Nikko, 
a hair-raising climb up mountain roads brings one 
to the Chuzenji-ko, one of the most beautiful lakes 
in Japan. 


- 11 - 


G. Gumma-ken 


1. General Description 

The greater part of the ken is mountainous with famous hot- 
springs, such as Ikaho, Kusatsu, etc., dotting here and 
there. The lowland is in the southeastern section along 
the Tonegawa. As in tne other inland prefectures, the 
principal industries are sericulture and textile. 

2. Kiriu ( ^ ) - Noted for its raw-silk, silk tex¬ 

tile, and rayon goods. 

3* Takasaki ( ) - An important railroad junction 

point. The city is also known as a marketing center 
for cocoons and raw-silk. 

iu Maebashi ( if*] ) - Prefectural capital. An import¬ 

ant cocoon and raw-silk center. 

H. Nampo-Shoto ( ) 

1. The islands which jut out southward into the Pacific are 
called tne hampo-shoto. These islands are under the admini¬ 
strative supervision of Tokyo-to. The islands are divided 
into following three groups? 

a. Izu-shichito ( ^ ^ Jb ) 

b. 0gasawara>-shot5 ( /)\ ) 

c. Iwojima-shoto ( /ib/O ^ j§ If ) 

2. The Izu Group 

There are seven islands in the group, the important ones 
being, Oshima, Miyake-jima, and Hachijo-jima. Because of 
the insularity, the inhabitants of these islands have been 
separated from the main stream of the Japanese life. The 
people still retain their ancient customs and languages. 

The principal industries are cattle-raising and fishing. 
Oshima is noted for producing superb camellia oil for 
hairs• 

3. The Ogasawara Group 

This group is made up of four main islands, the Chichi-jima, 
Haha-jima, Ani-jima, and OtSto-jima. Futami-ko on Chichi- 
jima is the principal port. In Dmura near Futami is the 
trans-Pacific cable station. 

U. The Iwo-jima Group 


- 12 - 




Iw5-jima, and Mnam-iwo-jima. 
jima was fought on the second island. 


tie of IwS- 













. 



i 






'0 ~ 











Sli-OHIHO (Jl ^ 


Areas 

Population! 

Density? 


6,911 sq. kilometers 
8,393,308 (19U7 census) 
128 per sq. kilometer 


I, Position and Administrative Sub-division 

A.. This reg-on occupies the northeastern section of Honshu? 

also called Tbhoku—cniho. In the south lie Kanto and Ciiilbu- 
chiho. In the north the region is separated from HokkaidB 
by Tsigaru -kaikytf. 

• A< : : dnistratively the region is divided into six prefectures< 


Prefectural < ame 


Frefectural Capital 


Fukushima-ken 

( 

% 

*> 

Fukush ima 


h 

Miyagi-ken 


$h 


Sendai ( 


£ ) 

Iwate-ken 

( & 


t) 

Morioka ( 


n > 

Aomori-ken 

<i 



Aomori ( 


$0 

Akita-ken 

( 

© 

*> 

Akita ( 

& 

$ > 

Yamagata-ken 

(1 


$0 

Yamagata( 

1 

) 


II. Physical Features 

A• General Des cription 

The shoreline is relatively simple with no deep indentation 
either on the Pacific side or the Japan Sea side. The chief 
characteristic of the terrain is that there are three para¬ 
llel mountain ranges running in north-south direction. The 
lowlands are found lying between these mountains and the 
rivers flow parallel with the mountains. 


B. Mountain Ranges ( J_| JjlK^ ) 


lo Eastern $u 

a* Abukuma-sammyaku ( f ^ JaIJIO 


-1U- 






be Kitakami-sammyaku ( X- Jj 


2. The Central Divide ( ^ 

a. Ou-sammyaku ( J|. J)>] Jjy ) 


b* Nasu-kazantai of nhich the well-known mountains 
ares 



3* We stern Oil 


a. Deba-kyuryo ( *j^ J£- f^) 

b. Chokai-kazantai ( j\ X\ 


C• Plains 

1. To the east of the central divide are three plains, ^ 
Sendal-heiya ( 4 Ja )* Kitakami-heiya (,iL X- ^ J*f), 

and Sanbongihara. ( ^ ^ x )« 

2e To the west of the central divide are numerous inter- 

montane basins and such coastal plains as ShDnai )a] ), 

Akita, and Tsugaru-heiya ( J'J') • 


D. Rivers 

Most of the rivers flow in northerly or southerly directions 
through the plains be tyre en the mountain ranges o 

1* Rivers in the eastern halfr 



b 0 Kitakami-gawa ( ill* Js. J'|) 


o Rivers in the western half t. 

Jx 

a® Iwaki-gawa ( /a 



- 15 - 


2 


b « Omono-gawa ( Pi # >'\) 
c® Mogami-gawa Ji- ^ J | ) 

d. Agano-gawa ( ;, |) 

E® Coastline ( ^ ^ ) 

1* The Northern Coast 

There is a deep indentation forming the Mutsu-wan 
( fe 7 ^') held by two angular peninsulas, 

Tsugaru-4ianto ( ^ J^) on the left and 

Shimokita<-hanto ( -j; ^ ) on the right. 

2. The Eastern Coast 

a. Kitakami coast - Presents typical Ria^type shoreline 
This coast has repeatedly suffered damage by tidal 
waves since ancient times. 

b. Abukuma coast - The coast is smooth. 

c® Sendai-wan - The only noteworthy bay on the east 
coast embraced by Ojika-hanto 
( JfL jb ) ® Within this bay is 

found Matsushima-wan- ( 
which is interspersed with numerous 
small islands with shapely pine trees, 
and known as one of the three scenic 
spots in Japano 

3® The Western Coast 

With an exception of Ogae-hanto, shoreline is smooth. 
Consequently no first-rate ports are found.' Such ports 
as there are, such as Sakata ( >j§ I# ), Tsuchi 2 aki- 
ko ( ), and Noshiro ( ££ 1% ) f 

are founded on the estuaries of rivers. 


F. Lakes 

1. Inawashiro-ko ( $ i\ lift) - A lake formed by 

blocking of drainage by ash and lava 
from the nsarby Bantai-zan. 

2. Towada-ko ( ^ -fp |rf) lift) - A crater lake on the 

border between Aomori-ken and Akita-ken. 


- 16 - 


III. Climate ( ^ ) 

A. Temperature ( /-jfL y^__ ) 

Similar climate in respect'to temperature is found in Central 
Europe, in France, Germany, or England, and in the United 
States - in southern New England and the middle Atlantic states. 
In Japan similar temperature is experienced in the mountain 
regions of Chnbu-chihb, However, because of the wide latitu¬ 
dinal difference (£ degrees), northern Ou is considerably 
colder than in the sections along its southern border. 

The mean annual temperature in the north is 9 degrees C., 
whereas in the south,, it is 12 degrees C, The summer isotherms 
arch northward and the winter isotherms, southward. Comparing 
the Pacific and the Japan Sea sides, the latter is somewhat 
warmer than the former at the same latitude. This is due to 
the warm Tsushima current washing the Japan Sea coast. 

B, Precipitation ( ) 

The amount of precipitation is generally less than in other 
parts of Japan, but far more than in Hokkaido, averaging 
1100 mm.-l800mm. Comparing the eastern $u with the western 
Ou, the latter experiences a greater amount of precipitation. 

1, East - Wettest month is September, but the amount is 

small. The phenomena of Bai-u is less distinct. 
Summer monsoon is weak, and the effect of August 
and September typhoon, negligible. 

2, West - Precipitation heaviest in December, June, and 

September. 


IV, Industries 

A. Agriculture 

1. General Description 

The proportion of arable lands (' IVL) to 

the total area is about 13# (870,000 hectares) as against 
26# in Kanto-chihO, but the per capita holding is larger 
than in any other region in Japan. Of the arable lands, 
62# is paddy fields and the remainder, dry fields. The 
average yearly value of the farm products is approximately 
260 million yen. The principal crops are rice in the 
western plains and rice, wheat, soya-bean, and barnyard 
grass for horse feed in the eastef*n lowlands. 


-17- 


2 


Rice 


Rice is grown principally in Akita* Shdnai, Yokote ( W. w ) 
Tsugaru, Sendai-heiya, and also in Aizu-bonchi 
By early planting and improvement of rice-seeds and 
fertilizers considerable quantity of rice is produced. 
Percentage of yield per unit of land is higher than in 
Kantb-chiho or KyUshtT-chihb, but slightly less than the 
national average* although the yields in Yaraagata^-ken 
and Akita-ken are higher. Quality of rice in western 
Du is superior to that in eastern Du, and quantitatively 
the former has a yield double that of the latter. The 
planting is done in April and the harvesting, in Sept¬ 
ember. 

3 ® Other farm products ( f) ) 

a. Barnyard gras®, millet, soya-bean - Iwate, Aomori* 

& Miyagi-ken. 

b. Tobacco - Southern parts of Fukushima-ken. 

c. Apples — Tsugaru-heiya in Aomori-ken. 

d. Potatoes - Grown all over Du-chiho. 


B. Sericulture ( ^ ^ jjj^) 

Next to rice cultivation, raw silk industry is the most 
important with production amounting to 5>0-60 million yen 
early. There are about 2i±0,000 farm households engaged in 
raising silkworm as a secondary occupation. Of this figure* 
90*000 households are in Fukushima-ken followed closely 
by Yamagata and Miyagi-ken. 

C. Fishing ( >,f? x ) 


D. 


Species are numerous^ because of the meeting of cold and 
warm currents (& kQtflL ) in the adjacent waters* 
but the catch is relatively small, amounting to 20-30 
million yen yearly. Fishing is most extensively carried 
out along the coast of Iwate-ken. 


Animal Industry ( 


!• Horse-raising - Because of the availability of pasture 

lands along the foot of mountains, horse- 
raising has been a very flourishing ind- 
, ustry since ancient days. The soil along 

the mountain slopes is rich in calcium 


-18- 


content, and the horse raised on grass 
grown here is known for its sturdiness® 
Horses are more numerous on the eastern 
side of the Ou-sammyaku® 

V 

2« Other domestic animals - Not too important, although 

some sheep,_cows, hogs, etc® are raised 
in eastern Ou® 

E. Forestry ( ^ ) 

Forests cover over 60% cf the total area of Ou-chiho and the 
products from this source are valued at 1*0-50 million yen 
yearly. Arbor vitae in Tsugaru, pine in Iwate, and Japanese 
cedar in Akita are the commercially more important timbers. 
Also the Kitakami and the Abukuma mountain regions are known 
for their production of charcoal which amounts to about 20% 
of the total production in Japan® 

F® Mining ( ^ ) 

1® . Mining industry, along with forestry, is one of the most 

important industries of Ou® It stands out above all other 

regions in variety and quantity of the mineral resources. 

Yearly production amounts to about 1*0-50 million yen® 

2® Mineral Resources ( ) 

a® Joban District ( ^5 ^ ^ $3 ) - Coal; annual 

output about 2 million tons; estimated reserve 306 
million tons® 

b® Kitakami District ( j (£-) ” The Kamaishi 

and Sennin mines in Iwate produce iron ore to the 
extent of about 1*5$ cf the domestic production® 
Estimated reserve is about 33 million tons of mag¬ 
netite ore. The total production of ore in 20 years 
from 1925-191*5 amounted to 7,773,282 metric tons of 
which the iron content was about 1* million tons® 

Other prefectures such as Akita, Aomori, and Fukushima 
also produce iron ores, but to a negligible amount® 
Iwate and Aomori also produce iron sand® The totals 
from 1925-191*5 were 187,59l* tons and 829,878 tons 
respectively. 

c® Ou-sammyaku District - Copper and silver; the import¬ 
ant mines are Kosaka ( /] \ 3$^ ) and OsarizawaC^^ >/^) 
both in Akita. 

d. Deba District ( [£-) 


- 19 - 


Oil in the vicinity of Akita-shi$ produced about 
122,792 kiloliters of petroleum in 19^5>o Of the 
several fields, Yabase field discovered in 193U is 
said to be the best producing field. In 19k5 its 
production was 83,712 kilolitres. The total esti¬ 
mated proved reserve was about l,2£l,£00 kilolitres, 
as of 19h^» Oil is also produced in northern Yama- 
gata near the coast of Japan Sea- the production 
from this field in 19U£ was about £l>000 kilolitres 
with an estimated proved reserve of about 286,000 
kilolitres» 


Go Manufacturing Industries ( ^ . 3^ %^) 

1. General Description 

The region is industrially backward. Most of the 
manufacturing is done in small scale home factories. 
Large modern type factories are found in Koriyama 
( & ' d\ ) in Fukushima and Sendai area in 
Miyagio 

2* Principal Industries 

Silk-reeling - Fukushima, Yamagata 

Silk textile - Fukushima, Yamagata 

Chemicals - Jbban-tanden district and the neighbor¬ 
hood of Inawashiroko, both in Fukushima- 
ken« 

Ceramics - Aizu-chiho in Fukushima-ken 
Steel - Kamaishi in Iwate-ken 
Lumber - Akita-ken 

V, Transportation ( ^ i§L ) 

A. Railroads ( ) 

lo Tohoku-honsen ( - From Tokyo to 

Aomori through Shirakawa, Sendai, Morioka, etc. 

2 « Ou-honsen ($>j\ ) - From Fukushima to 
Aomori through Yonezawa, shinjo, Akita. 

B. Marine Transportation ( ^ ^ 


- 20 - 


There is no first-rate port worthy of mention in this 
region. Aomori is only a ferry port connecting Honshu 
with Hokkaido* 


VI. Population 

A. Average density was approximately 100 per square kilo 
meters before the war. At present this figure runs 
much higher because of the government policy to dis¬ 
courage urban concentration and also, of the diffi¬ 
culties encountered in cities to eke out livelihood. 
Density becomes less in the north. In Sendai and 
Fukushima areas, the density is over 300 per square 
kilo, whereas in Aomori it is about 98* The least 
populated areas are southern Aizu( 15-16 per sq. kilo) 
and northern Kitakami(20 per sq. kilo.). 

B. At present the city with the population of 200,000 or 
over is Sendai only, and with 100,000 or over, Akita 
and Morioka. 


VII. Cities and Towns 
A. F ukus hima-ken 

1. General Description 

The prefecture can be divided into the following 
three geographic districts? 

Pacific coast ( Jf) 

Abukuma-gawa basin ( P^J ) 1 ] 

Aizu-basin ( £ if % ) 

Principal industries are sericulture, pottery, 
and some cotton spinning and chemical industries 
in Koriyama. 

2. Fukushima - Prefectural capital. Marketing center 
of cocoon and raw-silk. 

3. Koriyama ( ) - An important railway 

junction; also a center of cotton spin¬ 
ning, silk-reeling, and oiiher manufacturing 
industries. 

U. Inawashiro-ko ( $$ ^ ) - A lake situated 

in the eastern part of the prefecture at 
about ^00 meters above level. This 
difference in height from the surrounding 
lands makes it possible to generate hydro- 



-21- 


electricity at the lake exito The elec¬ 
tricity is transmitted to various factories 
in Koriyama and far south as Tokyo-Yokohama 
area. Also a canal is dug from this lake 
to Koriyama, irrigating farm lands en-route. 

5 >. -Wakamatsu - The principal city in Aizu- 

basin. Noted for its lacquer-wares and 
ceramics• 


B o Miyagi-ken 

1* General Description 

At the western boundary are Ou-sammyaku and Nasu- 
kazanchitai with its numerous hotsprings. Especial¬ 
ly a geyser at Onikobe is famous. In the northeast 
is Kitakami-samrayaku, tfiich extends into Ojika- 
hanto<, Fishes are abundant along the coastal 
waters, especially tuna,sardine, and squid. The 
coast of Kinkazan is a well-known whaling ground. 
Sendai-heiya produces rice, and in the southern 
sections sericulture is also an important industry. 

2. Sendai - The largest city in Ou and also the pre- 

fectural capital of Miyagi. It is also 
the seat of the Tohoku University and of 
many other schools, among them Tohoku 
Gakuin and Miyagi Jogakkd, both Christian 
schools. 

3. Matsushima ( jfg )'- 0116 the three scenic 

spots of Japan. 

C. Iwate-ken 

1 . General Description 

A large part of_the prefecture is covered with 
mountains, the Ou-sammyaku and Nasu-kazanchitai 
in the west and the Kitakami-sammyaku in the east. 

It has the smallest population density and per¬ 
centage of arable lands among all prefectures. 

The Kitakami-gawa basin comprises the only lands 
suitable for farming. The main products are 
lumber, charcoal, and horses. Fishing industry 
is quite extensively carried out along the coast, 
but it has the disadvantage of being far from 
the market centers. 

2. Morioka - Prefectural capital. A noted horse- 


-22- 


trading center, 

3 • Kamaishi ( '4r- fa ) - Iron ore is mined in the 
neighborhood and'smeItered at the steel 
mill in Kamaishi, 


D, Aomori-ken 

!• General Description 

\ 

This is the northernmost prefecture and many fam¬ 
ous volcanoes and hotsprings are found within its 
boundary. In the eastern lowland horse-raising 
is the most important industry. Timbers are cut 
from the mountains in Shimokita and Tsugaru- 
hanto, Tsugaru-heiya produces rice and apples, 

2, Aomori - Prefectural capital. An important junc¬ 

tion point for both land and sea trans¬ 
portation, 

3, Hirosaki ( ) - A city in Tsugaru-heiya, 

A well-known apple producing center, 

E, Akita-ken 

1, General Description 

The prefecture is mountainous except along the 
river basins of Qmono and Noshiro, Aside from 
the cultivation of rice along the river basins, 
lumbering and mining are the two important indust¬ 
ries of the prefecture. The oil field in Akita- 
heiya is one of the two oil producing districts 
in Japan, 

2, Akita - Prefectural capital and a oil refining 
center, 

3# Tsuchizaki-ko ( fa - The port for 

the city of Akita. Also an oil refin¬ 
ing center, 

F, Yamagata-ken 

1, General Description 

The only lowlands are found along the Mogami- 
gawa basin which develops into ShOnai-heiya, 
Shonai-heiya is known for its abundant rice pro¬ 
duction. In the intermontane basin areas seri- 


- 23 - 


culture and silk textile manufacturing are carried 
out, 

2, Yamagata - Prefectural capital. Marketing center 
of raw-silk and cocoons, 

3* Yonezawa ( K VL.) - A center of silk textile 
industry* 


-2U- 


C30BU-CHI3P ( f ) 


Areas 

Population: 

Density: 


66,730 sq^.kilometers 
13,883,60$ (19U7 Census) 
208 per sq. kilometers 


I* Position and Administrative Sub-division 

A# Situated in about the center of Honshu, bounded in the east 
by Kanto-chiKB and (5u-chihTJ, and in the west by Kinki-chiftB. 
It occupies the highest and widest portion of Honshu* 

B# Administratively the region is divided into nine prefectures, 
Prefectural Name Prefectural Capital 


Shizuoka-ken ( 

SE) 

*> 

Shizuoka 


Aichi-ken 

<* 


#0 

Nagoya 

(/f 

^ J-) 

Gifu-ken 


* 


Gifu 



Yamanashi-ken( J-\ 

f 


KBfu 

(’f 

% ) 

Nagano-ken 

(4 

If 


Nagano 



Niigata-ken 

<#r 

% 

V 

Niigata 



Toyama-ken 


A 

&) 

Toyama 



Ishikawa-ken 



&> 

Kanazawa (^ 

Ki 

Fukui-ken 


4 


Fukui 



Physical Features 







A. General Description 

Chubu-chiho is the most rugged, highest, and broadest part of 
Honshu. It is here that the mountain systems of north and 
south come together to form a highland mass, lacking in order 
and symmetry. Narrow marginal plains fringe the coasts of 


-2$- 





B. 


C. 


Japan Sea and the Pacific. For the sake of convenience, the 
region may be divided into following three sub-regionss 


TBkai region ( Jv ^ It) 

Tosan region ( #. jftL N 

Hokuriku region T 

Mountains of the Central Highlands(Tosan-chiho) 
1* Eastern borders 

a. Echigo-sammyaku (M Ik J-x K) 

b. Mikuni-sammyaku ( @ Ja dio 

c« Kant o-s ammyaku < fifl * ^ Jfo 

do Nasu-kazanchitai ( ^ J-\ $L$jf) 

e<» Fuji-kazanchitai 

2. Nippfcn Alps ( f ^ ^ A) 


a. Southern Alps - Akaishi-sammyaku 
bo Central Alps - Kiso-sammyaku ( 
Co Northern Alps - Hida-sammyaku 
3. Western highlands 


( 4 "' 
it 

t i. 


A 

8*b> 


a. Hida-kochi ( *jf=l J§^ ^ 

b. Hakuzan-kazanchitai Ja ^ 1\ 

Plains 

1* The central highland region is interspersed with numer¬ 
ous inter-montane basins, such as, 

a« Ueda-bonchi ( ) 

b. Matsumoto-bonchi ( ft, k,% '&>> 

c. Suwa-bonchi ( $L) 

d. Kofu-bonchi ( f ^ $j), etc. 

2. Tokai region has the following narrow coastal plains? 
a. Sunen-kaigan-heiya ^ ) 


-26- 


b. Mikawa-heiya ( i >*f ^ ff) 

c. Nobi-heiya ( |f ) 


3* Hokuriku region 


a* Echigo-heiya ( ^ ^ ) 

b* Toyama-heiya ( % ) 

c* Kaga-heiya ( A7 iC 'f' ^ j 

do Fukui-heiya ( ^Jj ^ |^) 


Rivers 

1* General description 

All rivers have their origin in the mountains of the 
central highlands and radiate out in all directions« 
River current is swift, forming numerous gorges and 
deep ravines across the mountains. With an exception 
of Shinano-gawa, the rivers are unnavigable, but .they 
are important as sources of hydroelectric power and 
of irrigation water for the rice fields* These rivers 
are easily flooded during the rainy seasons and they 
cause considerable damage every year* 

2* Rivers draining into the Pacific 


a* Fuji-gawa ( % ^ ^'| ) 
b* t)i-gawa ( $ '’] ) 



3o Rivers draining into the Japan Sea 


a* Agano-gawa (f ^ ;l |) 

b. Shinano-gawa ( ^ >'| ) 

c* Kurobe-gawa (4^ '*| ) 

d* JintsTi-gawa ^ 1 | ) 

e* Sho-gawa ( )' |) 



fo Kuzuryu-gawa (JL ^ ;, | ) 


3. Shorelir.es 

1. Tokai region 

Near the eastern border is an arrowhead-shaped 
peninsula, Izu-hanto J 3 )> which 

forms the deep water bay called Suruga-wan 
(|^ 3 of yk ) with the mainland* ^Moving 

along the coast westward through Fnshu-nada 
(jg^° ) are two peninsulas. Chita 

( £0 f . £ & ) and A+sumi-hant, , which embrace 

Mikawa-wan (=_ y|£ )-and Atsumi-wan.( ^ 7&j 

Adjacent to this is the well-known Ise-kai 

('if -M )• 

2« Hokuriku region 

Other than Noto-hanto and the coast of VYakasa- 
wan (fo ^ % ), the shoreline is rel¬ 

atively smooth. No port of any importance is 
found here except Tsuruga ( ^ ) in 

Wakasa-wan* 


F. Lakes 

1. Suwa-ko ( 1$l : M ) 

2. Fuji-go-ko ( % *£ -i- /#]) 

3® Hamana-ko ( fo $] ) 

III. Climate 

A. Japan Sea region (Hokuriku region) 

The Japan Sea side is characterized by heavier than 
normal precipitation (80-120 inches). During the winter 
there is hardly a day without snowfall. The snow is 
heavier in the inland areas along the mountain slopes 
rather than along the coastal regions. The number of 
days of snowfall is less than in Ou-chino or Hokkaido, 
but the amount of snow is greater than any of the re¬ 
gions facing the Japan Sea. It rains less in summer, 
but it does experience ^Bai-u” season and the ravage of 
the August typhoon. The temperature is somewhat warm¬ 
er than at the same latitude on the Pacific side. 


-28- 


Even in the winter it is relatively warmer than the 
central mountain regiono This is because of the 
warm Tsushima current washing its shores* Summer 
temperature is about the same as in the Tokai 
region® 


B. The Pacific Ocean region (Tokai region) 

This is a region of extremely mild climate* There is 
hardly a change in the temperature throughout the 
year® The summer heat is always tempered by the cool 
breeze that blows in from the sea and also by frequent 
showers® Rainy days are more numerous in June and 
September® Winter days are clear and dry® 


C® Central Highlands (Tosan region) 

Along with the Setonaikai borderlands, this is the 
region of the least precipitation. If there are 
rainy days, they come during the months of June 
and September, and the least in winter. Summer 
temperature runs up high, making it possible to 
grow rice, provided the conditions of the soil 
are suitable. But in winter the temperature falls 
below freezing point® It snows in winter, but 
not quite as much as in the Hokuriku region® 


IV® Industries 

A. Agriculture 

1 . General Description 

Although the percentage of the arable land may be 
smaller than in Kanto-chiho, the overall arable 
land is the largest in Japan with 1,020,000 hectares* 
In the Tokai region the per capita holding of the 
farm land is smaller than the national average! 
thus the farmer must of necessity engage in inten¬ 
sive agriculture® Farm lands are never allowed to 
lie fallow® However, this is not true in hokuriku- 
region where some of the biggest landowners in 
Japan are found® The principal crops in the Tokai 
region are rice and wheat, although other farm 
products for food and industrial use are raised to 
a considerable extent® 


-29- 


In the central mountain basins where lands are 
generally infertile and difficult to irrigate, 
mulberry is mainly grown. Consequently, seri¬ 
culture is by far the most important industry. 

But whenever the soil conditions permit, rice^ 
and wheat are grown. 

Agriculture in Hokuriku differs considerably from 
that of the Tokai region. Because of the poorly 
drained lowlands and relatively high temperature 
during the summer season, the farmers concentrate 
their effort in growing rice which is the staple as well 
as an important cash crop. A large amount of rice 
leaves the region annually for the markets in the 
great urban industrial areas on the Pacific side. 

Of the four prefectures, Niigata-ken has the high¬ 
est percentage of paddy fields(70$). Unlike the 
fokai region, winter cropping is impossible be¬ 
cause of the heavy snow. 


2 . Rice 

Of all the regions, Chubu-chiho produces the most 
rice, approximately lit,£60,000 koku(l koku about 
5 bushels), corresponding to about 20$ of the 
total production in Japan. Of this figure one- 
half is produced in Hokuriku of which Fiigata-ken 
leads with 3>700,000 koku. The other prefectures 
facing the Japan Sea also produce more than their 
needs and the excess rice is shipped out to the 
needy sections. 

The Tokai region follows Hokuriku closely; in fact, 
Aichi-ken is next to Niigata h. the amount of rice 
production, but because of the excessive consump¬ 
tion due to a large population, there is always a 
shortage which is supplied by the northern prefec¬ 
tures. 

3o Wheat, Barley, and Naked Barley 


a. Wheat( /]' 

Ranks third in the amount produced, the first 
and second being Kant'S and Kyushu. Yearly 
production is about 720,000 koku. 



b. Barley and Naked Bar ley ( ) 

Grown also in the Tokai region, especially 
in Aichi, Shizuoka, and Gifu. 




-30- 






lu Other Grains 

' /\* 

a. Buckwheat ( ^ ), millet ( ) 

barnyard grass ( (D X> ) are raised 
principally in the central mountain region® 

b„ Soyabean ( ), azuki (/)' %- ) 

are raised in Niigata and Nagano# 

5o Miscellaneous Crops 

a o Vegetables (ih - Ntfbi-heiya 

bo Tea ( ) - Shizuoka-ken; mostly for 

export• 

Co Citrus fruit dtf ) - fclong the Tokai 

region; most abundant in Shizuoka-ken 

do Grapes ( 'W ) - Yamanashi, Nagano, and 

Niigata-ken® 


B• Sericulture 


& fh 


From the central mountain regions to the western Tokai 
is the heart of Japan’s silk producing area# The 
number of households engaged in raising jilkworms 
was about 600,000, the total cocoon crop about 128,000 
metric tons# 


C « Animal Industry 

1® Horses and cows are not important as an industry® 

2® In the western Tokai centering around Nagoya, 
poultry raising has become very prominent® 
Approximately 20# of the total poultry products 
in Japan comes from this region® 

D® Forestry 

1® General Description 

Forest products are one of the most important 
natural resources of the region® It occupies 
about 3,000,000 hectares, about 16# of the total 
forest area in Japan® This J^s trifle smaller 
than the forest coverage in Ou-chihS® The greater 
portion of this forest may be classified as sub¬ 
tropical forest zone, but the trees in northern 
Niigata: are those of the temperate zone® Also 




-31- 


in the mountains 500 meters above the sea level 
the forests of the temperate zone flourish,, 

2® Commercially important trees 

a, Karamatsu ( ^ ^ ) from Asama-yama area® 

b® Japanese cypress from Kiso and Tenryu-gawa 
basins. ( ^ ^ ^ ^ Jl\ ) 

E® Fishing Industry 

1. General Description 

Yearly catch of the various marin life is valued 
at 60 million yen. Competes with Kyushu for the 
second place in the total amount of catch with 
Hokkaido ranking first® Fish is more heavily 
caught in the waters of Tokai region than in the 
Japan Sea areas® 

2® Fishes caught in the Tokai region 

cle 


b® 


c® 


3® Fishes caught along the Japan Sea coast 

The coastal waters are plentiful with warm and 
cold water fishes, but because of the disadvan¬ 
tageous geographical as well as climatic condi¬ 
tions, the industry has not developed to the ex¬ 
tent one finds in the Tokai region® In the waters 
north of Noto-hanto, salmon is caught, and to 
the south of this peninsula, sunbream is the 
principal catch® Others are sardine, mackeral, 
squid, etc® 


Suruga-wan and Izu-hanto areas 

Mostly deep-sea fishing with fleet bases 
along the shores of Suruga-wan and Izu-hanto® 
The fishes landed include bonita, tuna, shark, 
sanma, mackeral, etc® 

Ise-kai area 


Fishing is mostly coastal with sardine, sun- 
bream, flounder, etc®,being commercially import¬ 
ant species® Also,the shores abound in variety 
of shell-fishes® 


Hamana-ko ( : Jk fa and Atsumi-wan (/ 

) areas are noted for artificial raising 
of eels® 


- 32 - 




F« Mining Industry 


2 . 


General Description 

With an exception of oil in Niigata, the region 
is poor in mineral resources,, Even the produc¬ 
tion of oil, when judged by American standards, 
is negligible,, 




b. Kami oka 


c« Ogqya - Copper 


do Kune - Copper 




Oil 


ao Important oil-wells are all located in Niigata- 
ken in the vi< * * " ” ‘ ’ 



Niizu ( ^ ^ ), and Higashiyama ( 

bo Refineries are located in Kashiwazaki 


and Niigata,, 

Co The oil fields of this region are considered 
to have reached the point of exhaustion. 

The output for 1936 was as follow; 


Akita fields 1,583,900 koku (73.150 

Niigata fields 5>lli,800 koku (23.8$) 

Other fields 67,100 koku ( 3*1$) 

& ) 


G. Manufacturing Industries 


General Description 

The manufacturing industry is an important indus¬ 
try of the region. It comprises '7% of the output 
of all industries combined. The output is valued at 
about 1,1*00,000,000 yen yearly. This figure 
corresponds to over one-fifth of the total manu- 
factural output of all Japan, The specialized 


2 . 


-33- 


fields of industries by sub-regions are as 
follows s 

Hokuriku - Silk textile, Lacquerware ) 

Central basins - Silk-reeling ( ^ ffl\ ) 
Tokai - Cotton and woolen textile 

) 

Cotton spinning ( $fj 'M ) ^ 

Machine and tools ( k -rd 

Pottery ( J§. ) ** 

etco 

2. , Textile ( ^ $& ) 

Chubu-chiho leads all other regions in textile 
manufacturing which is valued at approximately 
570,000,000 yen per year* Of this A ichi-ken 
produces to the extent of 260,000,000 yen* 

Textiles include silk, cotton, mixed silk and 
cotton, woolen, and flax 0 

a, Silk Textile 

Fukui-ken and Ishikawa-ken are the two domi¬ 
nant prefectures in the silk textile field; 
the former produces 72 million yen worth, 
and the latter, 35 million yen worth annually. 
These two prefectures together manufacture 
over $0% of the silk cloth exported to for¬ 
eign countries. Other than natural silk, 
rayon is manufactured to the value of 20 
million yen a year, 

b, Cotton, Woolen, and Mixed Cotton and Silk 

Nagoya and its vicinity are the manufacturing 
centers, 

c, Flax cloth 

Manufactured in Ishikawa and Toyama-ken 


3• Haw Silk 

Yearly output is valued at about 360 million yen 
(36$ of the total of Japan), Nagano-ken produces 
170 million yen worth, 90% of which is exported. 
Other raw-silk prefectures are Aichi, Yamanashi, 
Gifu, and Shizuoka, 


i|« Cotton Spinning 

The Tokai region, especially Nagoya, is one of 
the two most important cotton spinning centers 
of Japan, the other being Osaka* Nagoya alone 
produces 78 million yen worth, well over 11$ 
of the total production in Japan* 

5* Chinaware 

Here again Aichi-ken leads with yearly manufac¬ 
ture valued at 30 million yen, corresponding 
roughly to 1*5>$ of the total in Japan. Gifu and 
Ishikawa-ken are also noted for fine pottery 
products• 

6. Lacquer-ware ( ^ ) 

Ishikawa, Aichi, and *ukui-ken are prominent in 
this field with combined production valued at 
well over 10 million yen* 


H* Hydroelectric Power 

Terrain conditions are most favourable for the gen¬ 
eration of hydroelectric power* However, one dis¬ 
advantage is that it rains less in winter when the 
need for electricity is the greatest* Generating 
capacities of the various rivers are as follows: 


Shinano-gawa 

1,200,000 

hp 

Kiso-gawa 

1,100,000 

hp 

Kurobe-gawa 

#0,000 

hp 

Jintsu-gawa 

U60,000 

hp 

Sho-gawa 

U30,000 

hp 


V* Transportation 
A* Railroads 

1* Chuo-honsen (Tokyo-Nagoya via mountain route) 
2* Tokaido-honsen (Tokyo-Kobe via coastal route) 
3* Hokuriku-sen (Maibara-Naoetsu) 


-35- 



ij. Shinetsu-sen A £&) 


(Takasaki-Niigata) 


B. Marine Transportation 
1® Hokuriku 

Because of the adverse climatic conditions and 
the lack of decent ports, both the overseas and the 
coastwise sea transportation are not worthy 
of mention,, 


2* Tokai 


Nagoya and Shimizuko are the only ports which 
have the facilities to accommodate large ocean¬ 
going shipso Nagoya's foreign trade amounts to 
120 million yen and domestic trade to about 
130 million yen annually. Shimizuko is known 
as a tea exporting port* Annual export of tea 
is valued at about 1*7 million yen* 


VI. Population 

The Tokai region has the most population followed 
by the Hokuriku region* The least number of people 
is found in the central mountain region. There are 
eleven cities in Tokai, seven cities in Hokuriku, 
and four in the central mountain region. 

VII Cities and Towns 
A. Shizuoka-ken 


1. General Description 

Because of its superb climate and numerous 
hotsprings, Izu-hanto is considered to be an 
ideal place for health and summering* Along 
the coastal plains, agriculture, horticulture, 
sericulture, and various types of manufacturing 
industries are well developed* Also fishing 
is very brisk in the neighboring waters. 

2. ^hizuoka - Prefectural capital* The center 


of tea refining. 



-36- 







h» Hamamatsu (-^ /j^) 

An industrial city of considerable repute* Some 
of the products are cotton textile, musical instru¬ 
ments, hats, etc* 


B. Yamanashi-ken 

1* General Description 

The prefecture is very mountainous with two main 
population clusters, the Isofu and Gunnai basins* 
Silk-reeling and silk textile manufacturing are the 
two important industries. 

2. tfofu ) 

Prefectural capital. A market center for raw-silk. 
Also noted for crystal works and production of wine* 

C* Aichi-ken 


1* General Description 


The eastern half with the exception of the narrow- 
coastal strip is very mountainous* Nobi-heiya which 
spreads in the northwestern direction has the high¬ 
est concentration of population. It is here that 
the third largest city in Japan, Nagoya, is found. 
Also industrially, this is the most advanced section 
of the entire Chubu-chiho, constituting one of the 
four important industrial nodes in Japan* 

Industrial activities are varied, but the manufact¬ 
uring of cotton textile, small machines, and tools 
leads all others* 


2. Toyohashi 




A former castle town of the Matsudairas, now known 
for its production of raw-silk. 


3 • Handa ( ^ yfl ) 

Well known for its brewing industry. 


U. Nagoya (-& ) 

Prefectural capital.. Sometimes called Chukyo(^ 

) between Tokyo and Kyoto. This city is the 
center of the so-called Chukyo Industrial Node 
(jX- ^ '$’) • Its manufactures in 

1940 were as follows % ' 


-37- 


Textile 


19U,529,000 yen 

Metal 33,^78*000 yen 

Machine k Tool 161*61*0,000 yen 

Pottery 28*317,000 yen 

Lumber 36* 27U,000 yen 

Chemical 1*8*1*86,000 yen 

Of the above various products* the 
principal export was potterieso 


Do Gifu-ken 

lo General Description 

The Hida highlands cover the greater portion of the 
prefecture* but Nobi-heiya extends into the southern 
margin, provid - *^ the prefecture with important agri¬ 
cultural landso The important industries are raw- 
silk* silk textile* paper(Mino-gami) * etc<> In the 
highlands sericulture is mainly pursued® 

2. Gifu ( jfy) 

Prefectural capital 0 The principal manufactures are 
textiles* paper lanterns* and umbrella made of Mino- 
gamio 

The city stands on the banks of Nagara-gawa(^ % ^l)« 
It is a thrilling experience to ride down the rapids 
of this river and enjoy the wonderful scenery on the 
way 0 On the broader reaches of the river near the 
city* cormorant fishing is a popular sport® Boats go 
out at night with blazing fires in iron baskets® 

The troutayu ) are attracted by the light* then the 
cormorants are put into the water with cords or rings 
around their necks. This prevents them from swallow- 
ing any but the small fish® The birds learn to know their 
own number* and will light, if put into the river in 
the wrong order» 

The Tokaido Railroad climbs from Gifu to the pass of 
Sekigahara ( f%\ >1 , where Tokugawa Iyeyasu met and 

defeated the supporters of Hideyoshi 8 s son, and thus, 
established the Tokugawa rule which lasted for over 
2£0 yearso 


-38- 


3o Ogaki 


(K it) 

Rice marketing center; also known for its manufacture of 
cotton and woolen textiles® 

ho Kagamiga-hara ^ ) 

Formerly an army airbase. 

E. Nagano-ken 


1. General Description 

The prefecture is located in about the center of Chubu- 
chiho. The terrain is characterized by its rugged 
nature, interspersedjflrith numerous basins. Important 
rivers such as Tenryu, Kiso, Shinano, all have their 
origins in the mountains of Nagano, and because of the 
swiftness of the current, they are utilized to generate 
electricity* Also because of its conducive climate and 
beautiful surroundings, health resorts are numerous* 

In the basins mulberry is the principal crop which makes 
Nagano the leading prefecture in sericulture and silk- 
reeling* Lumber, too, is an item of great economic 
importance» 

2* Nagano (A 

Prefectural capital and 

3. Okaya ( 0\) 

Silk-reeling center* 

U* Matsumoto c-fe 

Also a silk-reeling center, better known as an entrance 
to the Japan Alps® 


If) 

a great silk market* 


F* Niigata-ken 

1. General Description 

The prefecture just about covers one-half of the entire 
Hokuriku region® Echigo-heiya is famous for growing 
rice, a large portion of which is shipped outside of the 
prefecture. It is also known for its oil-fields and 
silk textile® 

2* Nagaoka (A- *)> 

A market center for rice* 


-39- 


3* Niizu 


(#r ) 

An important oil center as well as railway junction 
point, 

U. Niigata ^ ) 

Prefectural capital. It was one of the five cities 
which were opened to foreign residence* but because of 
lack of good port facilities no foreign ship stopped 
here. Recent improvement of the port facilities is 
inducing the larger ships to stop here. Goods shipped 
from here are mainly oil and rice. It also manufactures 
various chemicals and machineries, 

5>, Sado-ga-shima ( / l&- 7^ 

An island of about 330 square miles with the population 
of about 106*300, It has a dialect of its own. In 
ancient days* it was a famous place for exiling politi¬ 
cal enemies. Hence* the Japanese for "exile'* is "shima- 
nagashi*’* meaning "to be sent to the island". Near the 
town of Aikawa ( )<| ) are famous gold and silver 

mines, operated since 1601 , 

G, Toyama-ken 

1, General Description 

The prefecture is surrounded by mountains in three 
directions and opened on the Japan Sea side, Kurobe* 
Jintsu* and Sho-gawa flow northward providing Toyama- 
heiya v&th the irrigation water which enables the farm¬ 
ers to grow enough rice to ship out to deficit 
regions. Because of the swift current of the above 
rivers numerous hydroelectric generating plants are 
found at the upper streams® Some of the outstanding 
products other than rice are patent medicine* lacquer- 
ware* and bronze ware, 

2, Toyama (J-x ) 

Prefectural capital. Its patent medicines have been famous 
since the 17th century, 

3, Takaoka ( )^ ) 

A well-known commercial center. It is noted for its 
bronze ware and a lacquer ware called "Takaoka-nuri", 


H, Ishikawa-ken 


1, General Description 

The southern part of the prefecture is covered with 
the western extension of the Hida highlands where 
the famous Haku-zan towers 8,81*6 feet above sea 
level. This a favourite peak for mountain climbing. 
Along the coast iof Kaga-heiya are many sandbars and 
lagoons. In the north,Noto-hanto projects out into 
the sea. The plains produce much rice and has the 
densest population concentration in the Hokuriku 
region. The most well-known product of the prefect¬ 
ure is the "habutae” silk, 

2 • Kanazawa ) 

Prefectural capital and the largest city in the 
Hokuriku, It was the former feudal seat of the 
Maeda family. The castle grounds are now called 
Kenroku-koen, which is considered to be one of the 
three most beautiful parks in Japan, 

I, Fukui-ken 

1, General Description 

Being contiguous to Ishikawa-ken, the southern por¬ 
tion is also a part of the Hida highlands, Fukui- 
heiya, which is also a rice growing country, spreads 
out along the lower streams of Kuzuryu-gawa, and its 
branch stream, Hino-gawa, Rice, habutae silk, and 
paper are the principal products, 

2, Fukui (^ifl ) 

Prefectural capital. Silk weaving began in 18 cent¬ 
ury, and its habutae is famous, 

3, Tsuruga (^ ) 

Considered to be the best port on the Japan Sea, 
Regular steamship service was kept with Gensan, 
Joshin, hnd Seishin in Northern Korea, and with 
Vladivostok, Foreign trade in 1938 was as follows: 


Total Export 8,£08,000 yen 
Total Import 2,01*7,000 yen 


Kinki Chiho $£.%) 


Area; 


Population: 


Density: 


32,986 sq. kilometers 
12,1UM£L (19U7 Census) 
368 per sq. kilometers 


I. Position and Administrative Sub-division 

4 

A. Beyond the -western boundary lies Chugoku-chiho, and in 
the east, Chubu-chiho. The central portion bulges out 
southward into the Pacific forming a peninsula called 
Kii-'nanto. To the west of this peninsula is the Kii 
Channel(Suido), beyond which lies Shikoku» 

B. Administratively, the region is divided into seven pre¬ 
fectures, of which two of them are designated as "Fu” 
and the remaining five as ?, Ken n . 


Prefectural Name Prefectural 


Prefectural Capital 


Osaka-fu ( Jftj ) Osaka 

Kyoto-fu Kyoto 

Hyogo-ken 

Shiga-ken 

Nara-ken 

Mie-ken 

Wakayama-ken (JfV JL ^f;) Wakayama 



II. Physical Features 


A. General Description 


The physical features of the region can be divided 
into the following sections: 

Kii-hanto l&C'ff ^ ) in the southern part$ 

Tamba-kochi (and Chugoku-sammyaku 
Of IS J* ) in the northern part. 

Basins (^ ^ ) in the central part * 

Plains are all coastal plains( ff) 





Rivers in the north drain into either the Japan Sea 
or into Setonaikai (;$| f> [f\ l%f) with the Tamba 
highlands and Chugoku-sammyaku forming the great 
divide 0 

Rivers in the south flow in all directions, origina¬ 
ting in the mountains of Kii-sammyaku. 

B• Mountains 

1* Northern highlands 

a. Chugoku-sanunyaku 

b* Tamba-kochi 

2o Kii-sammyaku ($tj if ji\ fjffi) 

Geologically a much younger mountain than Chugoku- 
sammyaku, consequently more rugged and higher 
(1700-1800 meters)® It belongs in the same moun¬ 
tain system as Akaishi in Chubu and Shikoku-sammya- 
ku in Shikoku. 

3* The central basins 

The basins are found in a rectangular area formed 
by two ranges-Kii and Chugoku- running latitudinally, 
and three ranges- Suzuka, Kasagi, and Kongo - 
running longitudinally. In the north are Qmi and 
Kyoto-bonchi, and in the central portion are Iga 
and Nara-bonchi. 

C. Plains - Plains are all coastal plains 


1. Ise-kai region (if ^ 'J$t) Ise-heiya (if 


2* Setonaikai region 


a* T5saka-heiya 
b. Harima-heiya 


D. Rivers 


1. On the Japan Sea side 



b. Yura-gawa ( ^ y, |) 


2. On the Setonaikai side 


-U3- 


a® Yodo-gawa (^ 

»|) 

b® Kako-gawa (Jp 


;l |) 

3® On the Pacific side 


a® Ki-no-gawa 

at 

' >'\) 

b® Yoshino-gawa 

(-t 

If »|) 

c® Arita-gawa 


& »|) 

d® Kumano-gawa 


If "l> 

ii, On the Ise-kai side 


a® Isuzu-gawa 

"|) 

b® Kushida-gawa 


'■() 


Shorelines 

1® Japan Sea side 

a« Wakasa-wan tit 

This bay is the result of down-faulting and a 
subsequent action by the sea® The shores present 
a typical appearance of the Ria-type shoreline 
with its long and deep indentations* They afford 
well protected harbors of which the outstanding 
ones are Shin-Maizuru, formerly the naval base, 
and Tsuruga, the only important commercial port 
on the Japan Sea side* 

b 0 Amano-hashidate (^ / ^rt] J2-) in Miyazu-wan 

{% J$) 

A sand spit formed by the sand carried by the 
river and the strong northwest seasonal wind® 

It is about 2,000 meters long and 90 meters wide, 
projecting across the bay and is planted with 
rows of pine trees which greatly enhance the 
scenic value® This is counted as one of the three 
scenic spots of Japan, the other two being 
Matsushima and Miyajima® 

2® The Pacific Side 

a* Setonaikai () 

The Setonaikai shores which come within the 
bounds of Kinki-chiKo are smooth® Along the 


III. 


coast are two narrow plains, Harima and Osaka, the 
latter facing Osaka-wan* 

b. Kii-hanto If ^ §g) 

Both the western and eastern shores have numerous deep 
indentations characteristic of Ria-type shoreline, 

c. Shima-hanto ^ ^ ) 

d* Ise-kai ('ff ^ '$) 

A bay with smooth shoreline bordered by narrow coastal 
plains which are westward extension of Nobi-heiya* 

F* Lake - Biwako (£§. ) 

Japan’s largest fresh-water lake formed by the sudden 
depression of the land* 


Climate 

A. General Description 

Latitudinally, Kinki-chiho lies between 33*£-3£.£ degrees* 
Its climatic regions can be divided as follows: 

1* The Japan Sea region 

2. The Pacific region 

a* Setonaikai borderlands 

b* Kii-hanto region 

c, Ise-Jcai region 

B* The Japan Sea region 

The winter climate resembles in many ways the climate of 
western 15u and northern Chubu in that this section of the 
country is snow-bound throughout the winter season* The 
humid air over the warm Tsushima current is carried over 
to the northern slopes of Chugoku-sammyaku where it is 
cooled and the moisture deposited as snow* 

Summer is cool, having an average temperature of about 77 
degrees F* The amount of the rainfall in comparison with 
the winter precipitation is far less, although it is much 
more than the regions surrounding Setonaikai* 


Co The Pacific side 


lo The Setonaikai borderlands 

The rain clouds brought forth by the winter and 
summer monsoons are blocked by the surrounding 
mountains, and the rain falls on the outer slopes 
of these mountainso Consequently, the Inland Sea 
borderlands are region of the least rainfall in 
Japan* (Mean annual rainfall 1*0-60 inches) 

2, Kii-hanto and Ise-kai coastal regions 

Warm throughout the year with much rain during 
the summer season* 

D* The Central Basins 

The climate is that of the continental type 

$$) with considerable difference between the 
summer (79 degrees F*) and winter (39 degrees F*) 
temperatures* The amount of rainfall is normal 
with the mean annual rainfall of 80-120 inches* 


Industries 
A* Agriculture 

1* General Description 

Despite the areal limitation of the arable lands 
(16*3$ of the total area) agriculture is well 
developed, because of its excessive population, 
high summer temperature, fertile lands, and good 
irrigation facilities* 

Generally two crops are harvested in a year-rice 
in summer and naked barley or wheat in winter* 

2* Rice 

The most important agricultural product* Hyogo- 
ken produces the most followed by "Osaka, Mie and 
Shiga* 

3« Wheat and Naked Barley 


Next to rice, wheat is the most important crop 
followed by naked barley* Here also, Hyogo-ken 
leads with half of the total production of wheat 
in Kinki-chiho* 



Because of this s Hyogo-ken is known for its shqyu 
and beer which use wheat and barley as raw materials# 

ho Vegetables 

Vegetables are profitably grown near the big cities 
to supply the needs of the city-dwellers# 

Diminutive farmlands near the cities are more suited 
for growing of vegetables which have quicker turn¬ 
over than grain crops# 

5* Fruits 

Because of the warm climate, various fruits are 
grown throughout the region# Of these, mandarin 
oranges in Yfakayama are especially famous# 

6. Tea 

The important tea growing regions are Uji in south¬ 
ern Kyoto, southern Shiga, and the mountain slopes 
of Mie# 

B# Sericulture 

The highlands of northern Kyoto, mountain slopes along 
Ise-heiya in Mie, and northern Wakayama are the import¬ 
ant sericultural centers# 

C# Animal Industry 

Cattle raising is the important industry in this region 
in contrast to horses in "Du-chiho# Hyogo-ken leads all 
the other ken of the region, and ranks second, with 
Kagoshima first in the total number of cows# However, 
it should not be considered that these cattle are 
raised on a large scale on open pasturelands, but on a 
small scale of one or two by the farmers as draft animals 
In addition to the above, poultry raising has become 
quite a flourishing industry in recent years# 

Do Forestry Products 

Due to plentiful rain and high temperature, Kii-sammya- 
ku is noted for its luxuriant growth of trees» It has 
three important forest areas— Koya, Yoshino, and Kumano# 

1# Koya Forest ($] Pine and Cypress 

2o Yoshino Forest Cedar and Cypress 

(j5j; fT Cedar, Cypress, and Fir 


3o Kumano Forest 


In the northern mountains, cedar, cypress, and oak 
are the principal trees* 

E, Marine Products (?KjL #51) 

Facing the seas in two directions - north and 
south - and also including the largest fresh-water 
lake within its boundaries, fishing and other marine 
industries (salt manufacturing and artificial pearl 
cultivation) are important natural resources,, Hyo- 
go_-ken leads in fishing, followed by Wakayama-ken * 
Hyogo-ken also is the first in the amount of salt 
manufactured, and Ago-wan in Mie-ken is famous for 
its cultured pearls* 

Fo Mining Industry 

Kinki-chiho is especially poor in the mineral 
resources* Ikuno ( ) mine was once 

famous as a silver mine, but it is now exhausted 
and produces a negligible amount of copper and tin* 
The copper ore is refined at Naojima ( Jj_ 'fg )* 
There is also the Akenobe ( & ) mine near 

Ikuno* This is one of the few tin mines in Japan 
and about 8l$(l million yen) of the domestic pro¬ 
duction of tin comes from here* 


G* Manufacturing Industries 


These are by far the most important industries of 
the region* Various industries are concentrated 
in the so-called_Kei-Han-Shin Industrial belt which 
includes Kobe, Osaka, and Kyoto* 

The total annual output from this source exceeds 
2,^00,000,000 yen which is approximately one-third 
of the total industrial output of Japan* 


1 * 


Hanshin region 


This is the industrial belt along 

with ^saka and Kobe 

as nuclei and 

Amagasaki 

(A 

4 ) 

Nada^ehiho 

(M w 

a) 

Suita 


a > 

Sakai 

( 

) 

Kishiwada 

, i 

) 


the TSsaka Bay 
including? 


Akashi ( ) 

Products are mostly manufactured in large factories 
using modem machineries <> Principal items are as 
follows: 

Cotton spinning 
Cotton textile 
Cotton knitted goods 
Shipbuilding 
Machineries 

Steel and metal products 
Fertilizers 
Brewing 
Flour milling 
Sugar refining 
Chemicals 

Rubber products, etc. 

for Osaka as an industrial center despite the 
raw materials and coals 

a. Level land on which the city is located 
provides adequate room for city growth 
and industrial expansion. 

b 0 Adequate facilities for water transport¬ 
ation both within and without the city, 
making it accessible to bulky fuel and 
raw materials* 

Co Large supply of available labor and 
capital, 

do Excellent rail facilities. 


Reasons 
lack of 



2* Kyoto region 

Kyoto and its surrounding locals are traditionally 
famous for its production of artistic goods, such 
as fine silk textiles, embroideries( ^'|> 
china-wares, lacquer-wares, etc 0 , and unlike Hanshin 
region, the industrial plants are that of workshop 
type employing not more than a handful of workers. 


3* Wakayama region 


This can be considered as the southward expansion 
of the Hanshin region» Textile, lacquer-ware, 
lumber, etc., are the principal products. 

Uo Lake Biwa region 


-U9- 



Since ancient days this part of the country 
has been noted for the manufacturing of flax 
and silk textiles, but in recent years rayon 
industry has become very important„ 

£. Ise-kai Coastal region 

This is an extension of the Nagoya industrial 
belt. Outstanding industries are cotton spin¬ 
ning, cotton textile manufacturing, lacquer- 
wares, and china-wareso 

Vo Transportation and Communication 

Ao General Description 

Because of the following reasons, the transporta¬ 
tion facilities are well developed in this region. 

1. Located in center of Japan 

2* Sites for the capital cities, all located in 
this region 

3o Includes the most important industrial regions 

The principal national highways, such as Tokaido, 
Nakasendo.Hokurikudo, Sanyodo, and Sanindo, all 
have Kyoto as their terminal point 0 

Bo Principal Railroads 

lo Tokaido-sen ( }£l ffo 601.2 km 

Starts in Tokyo and terminates at Kobe where 
it connects with Sanyo-sen. 

2o Sanyo-sen ( ill Jrj^) £29 „3 km 


3 * 


h* 


Runs from Kobe to Shimcnoseki along the Seto- 
naikai shores 0 Fror an operational standpoint, 
Tokaido and Sanyo-sen are on© x-ine. 

Kansai-sen (f £] J$ s ) 17£ 0 1 km 

Connects Nagoya and ^saka via southern route. 

Sanin-sen (J* ) £L6„1 km 

Starts from Kyoto and terminates at Shimonoseki 
along the Japan Sea coast. 


-50- 


5* Hokuriku-sen 


( it> ft- ill) 366.5 km 


This line begins from Maibara in Shiga and 
runs north along the Japan Sea coast to Nao- 
etsu and connects Uetsu-sen and ^u-sen. 

This is the shortest route to Ou and Hokkaido 
from "Osaka, 

Co The inter-urban electric car system is highly 
developed in this region, The most heavy traffic 
is carried by the lines which connect Kyoto, 
Osaka, and Kobe, 

Do Sea Transportation 

lo "Osaka - Terminal point for coastal lines 
2o Kobe - Terminal point for overseas lines 


VI• Commerce 


Ao General Description 

Because of its geographical position and its welt 
developed modern industries, together with its 
equally well-developed transportation system, 
commerce has always flourished in this region* 

Bo Domestic Commerce (jjl 1^9 

75saka is the center of commerce in western Japan 
which includes Chugoku, Shikoku, Kyushu, and the 
Hokuriki region of Chubu, Principal items ship¬ 
ped out from "Osaka are cotton piece goods, metal 
goods, chemicals, sugar, fertilizers, etc,, all 
being semi-finished or finished products * 
Materials transported into Osaka are raw cotton, 
rice, coal, lumber, marine products, etc., all 
either raw materials or semi-finished materials» 



C* Foreign Trade 


Kobe exports about 600,000,000 yen worth of goods 
and imports 750 , 000 , 000 , yen, mostly raw materials. 
It is the greatest trading port in Japan, surpass¬ 
ing Yokohama* 


VII. Population 


A* The distribution of populationv 


-51- 


The distribution of population generally coincides 
with its complicated geographical features® The 
greatest concentration is found in the central 
plains and basins where industry* commerce* and 
transportation facilities are well developed® It 
becomes sparse as one goes north or south into the 
mountain areas® 

B» The latest census report(Oct 0 1* 19h7) shows the 
following figures? 

I® Total population 12*114i*U£l 

2® Density 368 per sq® kilometers 

3® Cities with population of 100*000 or over: 

a® T5saka l*#9i»310 

b® Kyoto 

c® Kobe 

d® Amagasaki Jj§f) 

e® Sakai - ( ) 

f® Himeji {tfk 

g® Wakayama 

h® Yokkaichi (tfZ? # ^)) 

i® Nishinomiya (\lP % ) 

VIII® Cities and Towns 

A® Shiga-ken 

1® General Description 

The prefecture is bordered by mountains in all 
directions and in the center is the depressed area 
called 'Omi-bonchi which is largely taken up by 
Biwa-ko® Lake Biwa which is so-called because of 
its resemblance to the Japanese instrument M biwa M 
is the largest lake in Japan® Unlike the other 
lakes in Japan which are mostly of volcanic origin* 
this lake was formed by tectonic depression* and 
tradition says it occurred in a single night in 
268 BoC® when Mt® Fuji arose® T+. a 'ircum— 
ference of 23£ kilometers am an area of 67£ sq® km® 

#2- 


999,396 

607*202 

232*7# 

19MU9 

197* #2 
171*800 
112*1*33 
108*707 


The water surface is 86 meters above sea level and 
the greatest depth which is in the northern part, 
is 96 meters, Towards Southwards the water becomes 
shallop,not exceeding 6 meters in depth* The lake 
has two out-lets near the city of "Stsu, one natural 
and the other artificial* The artificial canal 
connects the Lake with the city of Kyoto, The natural 
outlet is a river called Seta which flows into Uji- 
gawaj the latter river then combines with Yodo-gawa 
and empties into "Osaka-wan,, At the mouth of the lake 
where it flows into Seta is a dam which has been 
constructed for flood control. This water is used 
as a source of hydroelectric power and also for 
irrigation * 

The narrow strip of lowlands around the lake is well* 
developed and is quite famous for its cultivation 
of rice* Sericulture is also an important industry. 
Because of the climatic condition and relative purity 
of the lake water, the region is suited for rayon 
and iother textile industries which have made consi¬ 
derable development in recent years* 

2, Maibara ( ) 

An important junction point of the Tokaido and 
Hokuriku lines, 

3• Hikone ( % #j 

An old castle town, and the home of the so-called 
Omi-chonin, 

U. Otsu ( ^ ) 

The capital of the prefecture. It is a rice trad¬ 
ing center as well as the center of lake transport¬ 
ation , 

B„ Mie-ken 

1. General Description 

The northern and the western parts of the prefect¬ 
ure are mountainous leaving a narrow strip of 
coastal plain along the Sea of Ise, Rice is the 
principal crop on the plains, and mulberry and tea 
along the mountain slopes. Important manufacturing 
industries are cotton spinning, cotton textile, 
ceramics, etc. 

In the southern mountains, timber is an important 
resource, whereas along the coast, fishing is quite 


-S3- 


extensively undertaken ® Especially, Ago-wan at the 
point of Shima-hanto is famous for cultivation of 
artificial pearl oysters# From Shima-hanto south¬ 
ward the shoreline shows deep indentations® 

2# Yokkaichi ( W 3 ^ ) 

A foreign trade port;one outlet for the products of 
Nagoya industrial belt® Principal industries are 
cotton goods and ceramics® 

3. Tsu ( ^ ) 

Prefectural capital® Principal industries are 
cotton spinning and cotton textile manufacturing® 

lu Uji-Yamada j£)) 

This is the town in which the great shrine of Ise is 
located® The shrine consists of two main parts, the 
Gegu and the Naigu® The Gegu is dedicated to the 
Diety of Food and Clothing, the Naigu to Amaterasu" 
Qmikami, Goddess of the Sun, ancestress of the 
Imperial Family® Here is kept one of the three 
sacred treasures, the mirror, given by the Son 
Goddess to Prince Ninigi when he descended go earth 
to reign, according to the Japanese mythology® 

Futami-ga-ura, four miles from Yamada, is celebrated 
for the Myoto-Iwa, which symbolizes Izanagi and 
Izanami, progenitors of the Japanese Islands in 
mythology® The rocks are linked with a straw rope, 
a Shinto symbol, and are frequently pictured in 
Japanese art® 

C® Kyoto-fu 

1® General Description 

The Tamba highlands cover the entire northwestern 
section, with hilly Yosahanto projecting out into 
the Japan Sea® The famous Amano-hashidate is found 
at the eastern neck of this peninsula* The Tamba 
area is famous_for silk industries® It is here that 
the city of Kyoto is found with abundant scenic and 
historically famous sites® 

2® Kyoto 

Prefectural capital. It was the Imperial capital 
for nearly eleven centuries(78U-1868)® 


Here centers the history and life of old Japan at 
its best, and the atmosphere is still retainedo 
There are many workshop type of industrial plants 
throughout the city,employing only a handful of 
craftsmen producing such products as lacquer-wares, 
porcelain, bamboo-wares, silk textiles, etc», mostly 
far rich Japanese and tourists® 

A few of the places of interest are as follows: 

The Imperial Palace 

The Kinkakuji 

The Higashi-Hongan ji 

The Kyoto Imperial University 

Doshisha University 

Kiyomizu-dera 

Hieizan 

Arashiyama 

Momoyama, etc® 

3 o Maizuru and Shin-Maizuru f %%) 

Located in Wakasa-wan on the Japan Sea side. 
Headquarters of the l±th Naval district of the 
Japanese Navy was at Shin-Maizuru® 

he Fukuchiyama ( dj? J*) 

The principal city in the Tamba highlands, and the 
center of silk industry in this region® 

D. Nara-ken 

1® General Description 

The prefecture is situated in the center of Kii-hanto 
and is mostly mountainous, leaving a small basin 
area in the north for settlements, the largest one 
being the_city of Nara. Nara was the capital site 
before Kyoto(710-78U^^ us > ^he city and its vicinity 
abounds in scenic spots and historic sites® The 
industry is confined to agriculture, although a 
few textile mills are found® 

2® Nara 

Prefectural capital, but better known as the first 
permanent capital of Japan® Among the place to visit 
is the Nara Park which is the largest in Japan, and 
filled with tamed deer which beg for food® The 
park is filled with temples and other structures 
famous in Japanese history, religion and art® 


The Daibutsuden, or Hall of the Great Daibutsu, covers 
a bronze statue of Buddha completed in 7h9 by employ¬ 
ing slave labouro It is bigger than the Kamakura 
Daibutsu, being 53«5 feet high, 28 0 7 feet across the 
shoulders| the thumb is li*5 feet long, the nose 3„9 
feet, and nostril 3 feet in diameter* 

Nara is the largest center in Japan for the former 
outcast class called Eta, which means filthy* 

Theories as to their origin vary, one being that they 
are the descendents of prisoners of war, possibly 
Koreans;- another that they were cast out for profess¬ 
ions reckoned unclean by Buddhism, i 0 e<> handling hides, 
dead bodies, etc* During the Tokugawa period they 
were called Hinin, meaning not people?*, and were not 
counted in the population* After the Restoration 
they were included in the population and called Shin- 
heimin or ’’New Commoners”* About 1917 they became 
extremely class conscious and organized a society 
called ”Suihei-sha”o 

3. Mt* Yoshino J\) 

One of the most famous places in Japan for its cherry 
blossoms* 

E* Wakayama-ken 

1. General Description 

The prefecture covers the western half of Kii-hant75* 

It is mostly mountainous with the exception along the 
river, Kino-gawa, where narrow strips of lowlands can 
be found* There are many deep indentations along the 
coast with its attendant scenic beauties* Because of 
the lack of farmlands, the inhabitants turn tc the sea 
for their food and livelihood* Others leave their 
homes and seek ways for better living in other pre¬ 
fectures and in foreign lands* Fishing and lumbering 
are the two important industries, but on the narrow- 
plains along Kino-gawa, sericulture and cotton tex¬ 
tile manufacturing are undertaken* On the hill-slopes 
of Kino-gawa and Arita-gawa, tangerine orchards are 
found* 

2* Wakayama 

Prefectural capital* Lumber and cotton textile are 
the important manufactures* 

3* Shingu ( %) 


-56- 


Situated at the mouth of Kumano-gawa and is the 
center of the lumber industry* 

F* Osaka-fu 

1. General Description 

The prefecture has the smallest area, but it has the 
highest concentration of population* A large portion 
of the prefecture is arable lands with excellent irri¬ 
gation facilities, so it is an important rice-growing 
region in Kinki. Commerce and manufacturing indust¬ 
ries are welt developed* 

2* "Osaka ( ) 

Prefectural capital* This is the second largest city 
in Japan with the population of about 1,560,000 at 
present* (Before the war it was over 3 million.) 

The city is situated on the delta of Yodo-gawa and 
intersected by a remarkable network of canals and 
rivers crossed by over 1,300 bridges, but the city is 
smoky and dirty* 

The city, as mentioned previously, is the center of 
commerce, transportation, and industry in western 
Japan* Most of the factories are lined up along the 
banks of Yodogawa* Port facilities are up-to-date, 
but is accessible only to small coastal ships* 
Principal exports are cotton textile and other manu¬ 
factured goods* Principal imports are raw cotton, 
wool, semi-finished steel, etc* 

3. Sakai ( ) 

Kishiwada ( ^ $1 ) 

Both are industrial cities lying to the south of 
"5s aka. 

G* Hyogo-ken 

1* General Description 

T5saka-heiya extends into the south-eastern section 
and is bounded in the north by a short range called 
Rokko-sammyaku. This is the so-called Nada-chiho 
famous for its "sake” brewing and hot-springs. 

At the western edge on the slope of this mountain 
lies the city of Kobe* To the west of this city 
along the Inlands Sea extends Harima-heiya where 
white sand and shapely pine trees cover the beach, 
and together with its superb climate provides ideal 


health and pleasure resorts® The principal industries 
in this area are textile and brewing® 

In the Tamba highlands and Chugoku-sammyaku area 
cattle-raising and sericulture are the outstanding 
industries® 

2. Kobe ( f ) 

Prefectural capitalo Along with Yokohama this is the 
most important port in Japan® The trade is carried 
on mainly with the Far Eastern countries and South 
Sea area® Principal imports are raw-cotton, wool, 
pulp, machineries, oil, etc®, and the exports, cotton 
manufactures, raw-silk, silk textile, rayon goods, 
machineries, etc® The total export in 1938 amounted 
to 77^,038,000 yen and import, 706,257*000 yen® 

3* Himeji {0* jf&'O 

A textile manufacturing town and a junction point for 
a railroad to the coast of the Japan Sea® 


- 58 - 


chUgoku CHIH(5 

Area: 

Population: 

Density: 


31*679 so. kilometers 
6,602,titil (19U7 census) 
208 per sq. kilometers 


1. Position and Administrative Sub-division 

A* The region occupies the western peninsular portion of Honshu. 
The northern shores face the Japan Sea, and the southern 
shores, together with the northern coasts of islands of Kyu¬ 
shu and Shikoku, enclose the beautiful Setonaikai. 

B. Administratively the region is divided into five prefectures. 


Prefectural Name 

Prefectural 

Capital 

Okayama-ken 

<03 

Okayama 


Hiroshima-ken 


Hiroshima 


Yamaguchi-ken 

< A+V-g?) 

Yamaguchi 


Tottori-ken 


Tottori 

i'A Vi 

Shimane-ken 

<> 

Matsue ( 


II. Physical Features 

A. General Characteristics 

Chugoku-sammyaku runs through the region latitudinally a 
little north of the mid-line and divides the region into 
Sanin district in the north and Sanyo district in the south. 

B. San-in District 

Chugoku-sammyaku runs closer to the Sanin side, thus making 
the land inclined ata greater angle than in the Sanyo counter¬ 
part. 

1. Mountains 

Hakuz an-kazan-c hitai( ) runs 

parallel to Chugoku-sammyaku. | 






(1126 meters) are the two active volcanoes belonging to this 
system « 

2# Plains 

No large plains in the Sanin district; numerous small plains 
developed along the rivers» 

3* Rivers 

Small rivers are numerous, all draining into the Japan Sea, 
The longest river is Go-no-gawa ( y£ )l[ )(200 km.) 

whose waters are used for generation of hydroelectricity# 

lw Shoreline 

Resembling the Japan Sea side of Thi-chiho, the shorelines 
are smooth with the exception of Shimane-hanto which 
projects out into the sea and encloses the two lakes. Lake 
Shinji and Lake Nakaumi# 

Islands 

Okino-shima ( about forty-five miles north 

of Sakai in Shlmane, comes under the prefectural jurisdiction 
of Shimane-ken#_ It is made up of two groups of islands, 
the Tozen and Dogo# Principal industries are fishing and 
lumbering# One can reach the port of Chifuri in Tozen in 
about five hours from Sakai. 




# Sanyo District 


The incline of the land is much gentler on the Sanyo side* 
The plains are a little larger than on the Sanin side, and 
the shorelines have deeper indentations with consequent 
numerous small peninsulas, inlets, and off-shore islands. 

1# Plains 


a* Okayama-heiya 




b« Hiroshima-heiya 


c# Tsuyama-bonchi 



d* Miyoshi-bonchi 


(i-vi 


2# Rivers 


a# Yoshii-gawa 



) 


b. Ota-gawa 

c. Iwakuni-gawa 


« jil ) 


<;&IU >'| ) 


3. Shorelines 


The shorelines are deeply indented with many islands 
along certain stretches* 

a. Kojima-hanto 



Kojima-wan 


( %%&,) 


b. Hiroshima-wan 


Itsukushima (Miyajima) 
Kta-jima 



C. Shimonoseki-kaikyo 




D. Chugoku-sammyaku 

This is a low range with an average altitude of about 
1300 meters* It was peneplained once and lifted again. 

The mountains have the appearance of rolling hills with 
granite rocks exposed at numerous places. It is conspi¬ 
cuously lacking in trees and other vegetations. In the 
mountains on the Sanyo side are two basins, the Tsuyama 
basin and Miyoshi basin. 

III. Climate 

A. San-in District 

San-in district has the typical Japan Sea climate with 
northwest monsoon prevailing in winter accompanied by 
heavy snow. The precipitation is less than Hokuriku 
district, but much more than in the Sanyo district. 
Precipitation is heavier in the east than in the west. 

The winter temperature is lower than that of the Sanyo, but 
th© summer temperature is about the same or slightly lower. 

B. Sanyo’ District 

The Setonaikai borderlands are the region of least rain¬ 
fall in Japan withafliean annual rainfall of about I 1 O- 6 O 
inches. Summer climate is extremely mild with an average 
temperature of about 80 dgrees F., but it does get cold 
in winter (UO degrees F.). 


- 61 - 


IVo Industries - Better developed in Sanyo than in Sanin. 

A. Agriculture 

1. Geneneral Description 

In spite of the lack of extensive plains and infer¬ 
tility of the soils, agriculture is an important 
industryo Every inch of the available land is thorough¬ 
ly utilized and even the hill-sides are artificially 
terraced to raise crops, Rice fields are more numer¬ 
ous in Sanyo district than in Sanin. Summer crop 
is rice and winter crops are wheat and naked barley, 

2. Rice 

The most important crop is rice with an approximate 
annual production of about 6 million koku (1 h% of 
the total of Japan) of which 73% is raised in .the 
Sanyo* district, Bocho* rice of Yamaguchi and Bizen 
rice of Okayama are especially famous, 

3. Wheat and Naked Barley 

Raised as winter crops after the rice harvest. 

Here also the Sanyo district raises more of these 
two crops than in the Sanin district, 

ho I Reed 

Cultivated in the eastern part of Hiroshima and in 
Okayama, I is manufactured into Japanese mat(tatami) 
covering. Three-fourths of the total production of 
Japan is raised in this region, 

5>. Industrial Crops 

Peppermint and pyrethrum are raised in Okayama and 
Hiroshima. 

6. Fruits 

a. Peaches in Okayama 

b. Citrus fruits in Hiroshima and Yamaguchi 

c. Pears in Tottori and Okayama 

B. Sericulture 

The farmers in Sanin region engage in silk culture to 
supplement their meager income from farming. 



C. Animal Industry 


The smooth gradual slopes of CHugoku-s_ammy aku provide 
good grazing ground for cattle, and Chugoku-chiho is 
considered the foremost cattle country in Japan. 

Most of the farmers raise cattle for beef and draft, 
particularly in Miyoshi and Tsuyama bonchi and in the 
area around Daisen. The number of the cattle in this 
region is about 2$% of the total for Japan. 

Hiroshima is noted for manufacturing of canned beef. 

D. Forestry 

Because of the reckless cutting by the inhabitants, 
lack of rain, unsuitability of the soil, and expanding 
of the grazing ground, forestry in this region is not 
important. 

E. Marine Products 

1. Fishing Industry 

Fishing industry is extensively carried out on both 
the Japan Sea side and ^etonaikai coasts. Especially 
Setonaikai is considered the spawning ground for a 
number of coastal fishes such as, sunbream, sardine, 
Spanish mackerel, shrimp, etc., and their catches are 
considerable, amounting to 30-35 million yen a year. 
Also oysters, sea-weeds, and a variety of shell-fishes 
are cultivated along the shores. Shimonoseki is the 
fleet base for deep-sea fishing. 

2. Salt Manufacturing 

a. Around the fringes of the Setonaikai are concen¬ 
trated approximately 90 ^( 10,000 acres) of the 
country’s salt-fields. The three prefectures, 
Yamaguchi, Hiroshima, and Okayama produce an 
aggregate of 600 million pounds of salt per year. 

b. Conditions which helped the development of the 
salt industry in this region: 

1. Favorable climate - Less rain and comparative 
high temperature during summer when the industry 
is most active. 

2. Moderate tidal range - The tidal range, of an 
average of 3 meters, permits periodic filling 
and draining of the salt-field troughs. 


-63- 


3® Gradual shallowness of the offshore suited for 
establishment of saltfields® 

F» Mining Industry- 

Coal from Ube (Jp ^1> ) and Omine ( -t ) mines 

are about the only important mineral product of the 
regiono Ube produces low grade bituminous coal mostly 
from undersea mines, and ISmine is known for its anthra¬ 
cite coalo Annual production from these two mines 
amounted to about 2of> million metric tons in 1935* 

G® Manufacturing Industries 
lo General Description 

Because of the easy transportation and ready availa¬ 
bility of raw materials, manufacturing industries 
are much more active in the Sanyo district than in 
the Sanin: however, even in the former district, 
there is no so-called major industrial node<> 

2„ Sanin District 

a. Tottori - Raw silk, silk textile 

b«» Shimane - Raw silk, sake brewing, cotton spinning, 
cotton textile, paper, tile, chinaware, etc<> 

3® Sanyo District 

a, Okayama () - Kurashiki (jj) - 
Fukuyama ( ) area - Cotton spinning 

and cotton textile® 

bo Hiroshima - Kure ( 7 a ) area - 

Brewing, canned beef, rayon, ancf "shipbuilding 
and munition industries before the war® 

c® Tokuyama-Kudamatsu ( ) area - 

Fuel industry (Oil -refining ana manufacturing 
of coal bricquets), paper, chemicals, locomotives, 
rail-wheel, etc® 

d® Ube-Onoda (££) ) area - Cement, 
fertilizers, J etcl® * 

e. Shimonoseki-Hikojima ]^)f] - % ) area - 

Machineries, ship-building, fertilizers, ice¬ 
manufacturing, cement, sugar refining, etc® 


Vo Transportation 


A* Land Transportation 

lo Sanyo-honsen - From Kobe to Shimonoseki along the 
Setonaikai coast* 

2. Sanin-honsen - From Kyoto to Shimonoseki along the 
Japan Sea coast* 

3* In addition to the above, there are four lines running 
north and south connecting the two trunk lines* 

Kurashiki - Yonago 

Tottori - Tsuyama - Okayama 

Tsuyama - Kamishiro 

B* Sea Transportation 

1. Shimonoseki - Moji ferry line 

2* Uno - Takamatsu ferry line 

3* Ports of Hiroshima, Onomichi 


VI* Commerce 

A* Domestic Commerce 

Chugoku-chiho comes within the "Osaka commercial sphere; 
however, there are local commercial centers such as 
Shimonoseki, Hiroshima, Onomichi, and Okayama in the Sanyo, 
and Tottori, Yonago, and Matsue in the Sanin* 

B* Foreign Commerce 

Foreign trade is conducted through Kobe and to some extent 
through Shimonoseki, although there are a number of ports 
opened for foreign ships, such as Onomichi,Tokuyama, Hagi, 
Hama da, and Sakai* 


VII. Population 

Population is sparse in the Sanin district with Tottori 
having 587,613 persons and Shimane, 8?li,357 persons. 

The Sanyo prefectures all have populations of over a million^ 
with Hiroshima having over two million* Thus,_three-fourths 
of the population are concentrated on the Sanyo side, making 
this section extremely congested. 


This congestion has caused the people of the three prefectures 
on the Sanyo side to emigrate into foreign lands 0 Of the 
three, Hiroshima has the most number of people outside of its 
boundaryo 

Of the cities with 100,000 or more population, the Sanyo 
district has four, whereas Sanin has none* 

VIIIo Cities and Towns 

A® Okayama-ken 

lo General Description 

Population is concentrated in Okayama-heiya where rice, 
wheat, I reed, and various fruits are grown» F r0 m I 
reed is manufactured tatami coverings and various other 
decorative mats, In the northern Tsuyama-bonchi, 
cattle is raisedo Salt fields are found along the Inland 
Sea shoreso To the west of Okayama, the cotton industry 
has grown in recent years, 

2 0 Okayama (15\] ) 

Prefectural capital« Cotton and silk reelings, mat manu¬ 
facturing, and shipbuilding are the principal industries. 
It also has numerous schools» 

3. Uno (Jp ^ ) 

A town twenty miles from Okayama 0 A terminal port for 
the ferry running to Takamatsu in Shikoku• 

lw Tamashima ( ) 

Site of the Tama Shipbuilding Company which has five 
ways with a capacity for constructing large ships e 

E* Hiroshima-ken 

1 0 General Description 

Chugoku-sammyaku covers most of the prefecture e 
Because of this mountainous character, farm .lands are 
predominantly dry lands specializing in such crops as 
naked barley, soya-beans, sweet potatoes, and citrus 
fruits, A few paddy fields are concentrated along the 
coastal areas. In the northern part is a basin called 
Miyoshi-bonchi which is well-known for cattle-raising* 
Hiroshima-wan is famous for its oyster and sea-weed 
cultivationo 

2o Fukuyama ( ) 


=66- 


Situated on Bingo-nada* Center of cotton industries 
as well as mat manufacturing* 


3o Onomichi 




A very picturesque port, sheltered by an island* 

It is one of the ports opened to foreign trade, 
but the trade is not so brisk* The principal 
import item is oil; and the exports, canned citrus, 
and mats* 


ho Kure ( ) 

Situated at the southern extremity of Hiroshima- 
wan* Before the war, this was the site of a naval 
station of major importance* It contained steel 
works, arsenal, and shipyards* On the nearby 
island of TStajima was the Imperial Naval Academy. 
At Hiro a few miles east of Kure was the Naval 
airplane factory. 



Prefectural capital* The city was completely de¬ 
molished by the first atomic bomb ever to be dropped, 
but the city is now almost reconstructed* Before 
the war its manufacturing emphasized textiles, 
rayon, and cotton goods* The port of Hiroshima 

'St). Ujina ) has been one of the chief embarkation 
ports ; in all of Japan*s foreign wars including the 
last one * 

6* Miyajima ( jig ) 

It is also known as Itsukushima* It ranks with 
Matsushima and Ama-no-Hashidate as one of the 
three scenic spots of Japan* 


C* Yamaguchi-ken 

1* General Description 

Yamaguchi-ken occupies the westernmost portion of 
Honshu* Chugoku-sammyaku gradually becomes lower 
as it extends into Yamaguchi-ken, and at the west¬ 
ern edge it turns into a plateau which provides an 
ideal grazing ground for cattle* Being bound in 
three directions by the sea, Yamaguchi is known for 
its extensive fishing industry and salt manufacturing. 
In the field of agriculture, rice and citrus fruits 
are the principal crops grown* Industrial cities 
have recently grown in the area bordering Setonaikai. 


2. Iwakuni ( ^ t|Q ) 

Situated a short distance off the Sanyo main rail¬ 
way* The city is famous for its Chinese style 
bridge which has a long series of undulations* 

The neighborhood of this bridge is especially 
picturesque when the river banks are white with 
cherry blossoms * In the nearby town of Marifu is 
a rayon factory* 

3* Tokuyama ( ) 

Before the war this town was the chief fuel base 
for the Japanese Navy* In the nearby Kudamatsu, 
locomotives were manufactured* 


ft > 

center 

£* Yamaguchi ( Xj ) 

Prefectural capital 

5. Ube ( 4j> ) 

A rising industrial city producing coal, cotton 
goods, cement, etc* 

7. Onoda { A'ff \ fi) 

Also an industrial city manufacturing cement, 
fertilizers, and industrial chemicals* 

8. Shimonoseki ( ) 

Situated on the strait jof the same name at the 
western entrance to Setonaikai* It is an important 
foreign trade port as well as a junction point for 
both land and sea transportation* Ferries run 
from here to Moji across the strait* At present 
there is an underground tunnel connecting Shimono- 
seki with Moji* The industries are varied, fishing 
being the most important* Others are shipbuilding, 
fertilizers,ice manufacturing, steel, etc* 


i;* Bofu 


(n 

Salt manufacturing 


Bo Shimane-ken 


1. General Description 

Mostly mountains except the narrow plains near 
Shinji-ko* Rice and raw- silk are the chief products* 


-68- 


2 


Matsue 


(fa &. ) 

Prefectural capitalo Here Lafcadio Hearn taught for a 
while. His essay ”In a Japanese Garden” contained in 
’’Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan” gives his impression of 
Matsue. 

3. Taisha ( ^ ) 

Situated at the western edge of Izumo-heiya. This is 
the site of the great Shrine of Izumo. This shrine is 
said to be the holiest spot in Japan except Ise in Mie- 
ken. Japanese mythology ties this shrine with Susa-no- 
wo-no-mikoto, the storm god and boisterous brother of Sun 
Goddess, Amaterasu. Actually this shrine represents the 
northern Asiatic origin cf the Japanese people as against 
the South Sea origin which is represented by the shrine 
at Ise. 

E. Tottori-ken 

1. General Description 

This prefecture has the least population in Chugoku- 
chihOe Its narrow plains along the coast anr’ its numerous 
rivers produce rice and raw silk. 

2. Tottori ( .*5 ^ ) 

Prefectural capital. About 50 miles west of here is the 
famous Daisen which, because of its beauty, has been 
designated as a National Park. 


-69“ 


Area: 

Population: 

Density: 


SHIKOKU CHlrfg 




18,772 sq* kilometers 
1*,173,#1 (191*7 census) 
217 per sq* kilometers 


Io Position and Administrative Sub-division 

A* Shikoku-chiho is an island region about the size of Switzerland* 
It is situated south of Setonaikai, and lies between Kyushu in 
the west and Kii-hanto in the east* 


B. Administratively, the region is divided into four prefectures* 


Prefectural Name 


Kagawa-ken 
Ehime-ken 
Tokushima-ken 
Kochi-ken 




Prefectural Capital 
Takamatsu ( ) 

Matsuyama ( ) 

Tokushima 
Kochi 


II. Physical Features 

There is evidence that Shikoku and Chugoku were at one time a 
continuous land mass, but by the subsidence of Setonaikai they 
became separated, Shikoku becoming_a separate island* 

Physically the region resembles Chugoku-chiho in that Shikoku- 
sammyaku runs through in east-west direction approximately through 
the middle, thus dividing the region into northern Shikoku and 
southern Shikoku, each with its distinctive features, culturally 
as well as geographically. Shikoku-sammyaku which includes such 
mountains as Tsurugi-san(1921 m*) and Ishi z uchi-san(1955> m*) is 
considerably more rugged than Chugoku-sammyaku* 

In the northeastern peninsular section is another low range, Sanu- 
ki-sammyaku, and between this range and the central divide lies a 
triangular-shaped Tokushima-heiya through which flows Yoshino-gawa* 
To the north of Sanuki-sammyaku lies a hill-dotted plain of the 
same name* It is here that the population is most densely concen¬ 
trated in Shikoku. 

In southern Shikoku at the head of Tosa-wan_is another plain of 
relative importance to the region, called Kochi-heiya, where in 
some parts two crops of rice are taken in one year* 


-70- 





Th e re is no volcano in Shikoku, although Aso-kazan-chitai runs 
through northern Shikoku* But several hot-springs are found. 

As for the shorelines, the east and west coasts have many small 
indentations presenting Ria type shorelines. In the north, 
between two peninsulas, Takanawa and Sanuki, is a bay which in¬ 
cludes two bodies of waters, Hiuchi-nada and Bingo-nada. In the 
south is Tosa-wan characterized by smooth coastline. 

III. Climate 

A. Northern Shikoku 

The climate of northern Shikoku closely resembles that of 
the Sanyo District in Chugoku in that it has very little 
rain with warm summer and relatively cold winter. Because 
of this climatic condition salt fields are found, especially 
along the coast of Sanuki-hanto. 

B, . Southern Shikoku 

The climate of southern Shikoku is very much like that of 
southern Kii—hanto in Kinki—chiho. It has high temperature 
and abundant rain(mean annual rainfall 80-120 inches), 
which enables some sections to raise two crops of rice a 
year. The southern slopes of Shikoku-sammyaku have a lux¬ 
uriant growth of trees, whereas the northern slopes where 
erosion has deeply set in, are bare. Along the coastal areas 
one finds such subtropical plants as camphor and palms. 

IV. Industries 

A. Agriculture 

1. General Description 

The region has the least area of arable lands with 
approximately 3700 sq. km.(about 22$ of the total area). 
Because of the excess population, agriculture is necessarily 
intensive and the per capita holding of land is very small, 
especially in Kagawa-ken where it is about l.£ acres. 

These arable lands are concentrated along the coastal 
plains of Sanuki-heiya, Tokushima-heiya, Matsuyama-heiya, 
and Tosa-heiya. The fields in northern Shikoku suffer from 
lack of water. In order to supplement this shortage of 
water, irrigation ponds have been built, and these ponds 
form a distinctive land feature of the district. The 
area occupied by these ponds accounts for about 19$ oi the 
total paddy fields. 

2. Rice 


-71” 


The rice crop is small because of the fewer paddy fields, 
but per unit crop take-in is large, being more than 2 koku 
per tan of land. The yearly average crop in each prefecture 
is approximately as follows: 


Ehime-ken 

Kagawa-ken 

Kochi-ken 

Tokushima-ken 

In some parts of Kochi-ken, 
one year. However, this is 
planted area of about 9£,00 i 


1,030,000 koku 
900,000 koku 
660,000 koku 
£30,000 koku 

two crops of rice are taken in 
only about 10$ of the total 
) acres. 


3. Wheat and Naked Barley 


Naked barley is the crop next in_importance to rice, follow¬ 
ed by wheat. As in Chugoku-chiho, these are planted in 
winter after rice is taken in. The average output of naked 
barley is as follows: 

6,700,000 koku 
U,£00,000 koku 
ii, £00,000 koku 
100,000 koku 

lu Vegetables 


Kagawa-ken 

Ehime-ken 

Tokushima-ken 

Kochi-ken 


All the prefectures grow a considerable quantity of vege¬ 
tables, but because of abundant rain and warm climate, 
vegetables grow much faster in Kochi than in any other 
prefecture. These early grown vegetables are shipped to 
T5saka-Kyoto area to supply the urban needs, and the income 
from this source amounts to about twenty million yen per 
year. 

£. Tobacco 


Tobacco is also a very important cash crop of the region. 

In this crop Tokushima-ken leads with yearly production 
valued at 2.£ million yen, followed by Ehime-ken and Kagawa- 
ken. 

6. Fruits 

Because of the warm climate, citrus fruits and others, such 
as pears and persimmons, are universally grown. 


B. Forestry 

About 7h% of the total area is classified as forest land. 

This represents about 6% of the total forested area of Japan. 


-72- 


The important forest areas are concentrated along the south¬ 
ern slopes of Shikoku-sammyaku where such trees as cryptomeria, 
pine, cypress, etc* provide good lumber materials* 

C. Aquatic Industries 

1* Fishing 

a a The Pacific Coast area 

The species of fish caught are mostly deepsea fishes, 
such as tuna, bonita, whale, etc# Bonita meat is dried 
and made into n katsuobushi n which is an essential 
condiment in Japanese cooking* 

b* Setonaikai Coastal area 

The catches are mostly small coastal fishes, such as 
sun-bream, mackerel, sardine, etc* 

2* Salt Manufacturing 

Salt is manufactured along the Setonaikai shores in Kagawa- 
ken, Tokushima-ken, and Ehime-ken* The total quantity 
produced amounts to about 700 million pounds* This amount, 
together with that produced in Chugoku, sufficiently supp¬ 
lies the daily needs of the entire population, but the 
salt for industrial use must be imported from overseas* 

D* Mining Industry 

Shikoku-sammyaku is richer in mineral resources than Chugoku- 
sammyaku, producing annually about 12 million 1 yen worth of 
minerals* There are several mines producing copper, gold, 
silver, manganese, etc*, but of these Besshi is the most 
famous* In 1936 Besshi produced l5*W of Japan’s total 
copper output, 3o%% of its gold and of its silver* 

These ores are shipped to Niihama, a port town, and from 
there to Shisaka-jima where they are refined* The mine and 
the refinery were operated by the Sumitomo interests* 

E* Manufacturing Industries 

Manufacturing Industries are not well-developed* Only in 
Imabani and Takamatsu does one find modern type cotton 
spinning and textile factories* Knchi is well-known for its 
production of the so-called rice-paper* 

* V* Transportation 

A* Land Transportation 


“73- 


Because of the mountainous character of the land, develop¬ 
ment of railway transportation has been greatly hamperedo 
Of the seven regions, Shikoku has the least mileage rail, 
about 3^0 kilometerso However, this inconvenience has been 
supplemented by coastwise shipping lines and automobile 
roads* The principal railroads are as follows: 

Sanyo-sen ( ^ ) 

From Takamatsu to Yawatahama connecting the principal 
cities along the Setonaikai coast* 

Kotoku-sen ( /j^ ) 

From Takamatsu to Tokushima 

Tokushima-sen ( ^ 

From Komatsushima to Ikeda via Tokushima 
Dosan-sen ( 

From Tadotsu to Kochi and to Suzaki* 


Bo Sea Transportation 

Sea routes are the vital life line to Shikoku region, 
with many good ports found along the Setonaikai coast* 

Heavy traffic is maintained between these ports and those 
on the mainland* The two most important ports are Takamatsu 
and Imabaru, the former being the terminal port for Uno- 
Takamatsu ferry, and the latter being the only open port 
in Shikoku* 

VI* Commerce 

As in the case of Chugoku-chiho, Shikoku’s commercial activities 
are controlled by "Osaka merchants* The local business centers 
coincide with port cities, such as Takamatsu, Matsuyama, 
Tokushima, Imabaru, etc* 

VII* Population 

Following the general distribution pattern of southern Japan, 
viz., the population being concentrated along the axis connect¬ 
ing Keihin(Tokyo-Yokohama) and Kammon(Shimonoseki-Moji) area, 
northern Shikoku is more populous than southern Shikoku. 
Especially, the lowlands along the Kagawa coast and the vicinity 
of Matsuyama have the highest density of over 300 per sq. km. 

Of the cities with populations over 100,000, three (Takamatsu, 
Tokushima, Matsuyama) are in northern Shikoku and only one 

-7U- 


(Kochi) in southern Shikoku 


VIII® Cities and Towns 


A® Kagawa-ken 


1* General Description 

Next to T)saka-fu, Kagawa-ken has the smallest area 
(18£9 sq® kmo) of all the prefectures* 

Its hill-dotted plains, which are irrigated by 
ponds, are intensively cultivated and produce large 
quantities of rice and wheat* Along the shores 
many salt fields are found, but they are especially 
concentrated in the vicinity of Sakaide® The salt 
taken from these fields corresponds to about one- 
third of the total production in Japan® 



2® Takamatsu 


) 


Prefectural capital® It is also a chief port of 
contact with the main island® The city has a not¬ 
able park(Ritsurin-Koen) which was formerly the 
villa of the feudal lord, Matsudaira® 



Sakaide 


) 


One of the chief salt manufacturing area of Japan® 



ho Zentsuji 


Formerly, the headquarters of 11th division was 
located here® Also here was a FY camp where many 
Americans from Bataan and Corregidor, as well as 
marines from Wake and Guam were held® 

B. Tokushima-ken 

1® General Description 

The eastern end bf Shikoku-sammyaku covers almost 
the whole of the prefecture, leaving only narrow 
plains along the coast and Yoshino-gawa basin® 
Rice and wheat are raised, but their production 
do not stand out too prominently® Sericulture 
and tobacco cultivation are rather important here. 
In the southern mountain areas timbers and iron 
pyrite mines are found® 


2® Tokushima 



) 


- 75 - 


Prefectural capital» It is reached by way of sea through 
Komatsushima, a port town seven miles away. Northeast of 
this city is the point nearest to Awaji-shima, forming 
the Naruto-kaikyo. This strait is less than a mile wide, 
and impeded by several islands through which the incoming 
and outgoing tides flow with thunderous roar. It is 
called Awa-no-Naruto or "Roaring Gateway of Awa". 

3* Muya 

Salt manufacturing center. 

C. Kochi-ken 

1. General Description 

This prefecture comprises the old province of Tosa whose 
men with Satsuma(Kagoshima), Choshu(Yamaguchi), and 
Hizen(Saga) men, ran the early Meiji government. The 
prefecture is very mountainous, and because of the moun¬ 
tain barriers, it has long been isolated from the rest 
of the country. Its population is sparse and industries 
are extractive, being primarily fishing and lumbering, 
although some modem industries such as cement and paper 
manufacturing, which utilize local raw materials, are 
found in the city of Kochi. 

2. Kochi ) 

Prefectural capital. The city has cement factories, 
paper and lumber mills whose products are shipped to 
other parts of Japan. 


3. Suzaki ( ) 

A small well-protected port town, 
D. Ehime-ken 


1. General Description 

Three-fourths of the prefecture is covered with the 
mountains of Shikoku-sammyaku, and leaves a diminutive 
plain in the vicinity of Matsuyama. Principal industries 
are paper manufacturing, sericulture, lumbering, and 
raining. 

2. Matsuyama ( ^ ) 

Prefectural capital 


-76- 


3. Imabaru ( ^ ) 

The only open port in Shikoku and also the leading 
industrial city in Shikoku, manufacturing cotton 
products« 


In Besshi 


>' 


One of the Japan’s leading copper mines. Its ores 
are shipped to Shisaka-jima, a small island in Hi- 
uchi-nada, for refining. 


-77- 




KYUSHU CHIHS ) 


Areas 

Population § 
Density? 


44,465 sq® kilometers 
11,396,084 (Oct® 1947 census) 
256 per sq<> kilometers 


Io Position and Administrative Sub-division 

Ao Kyushu-ehiho is situated in the southwestern edge of the 

Japanese archipelago and is comprised of the island of _ ^ 

Kyushu and its adjacent smaller islands including the Ryukyu 
chain (Nansei-shoto)® 

B e Administratively the region is divided into eight prefectures 
(including Okinawa-ken)® 


II« 


Prefecture! Name 

Fukuoka-ken 
Saga-ken 
Nagasaki-ken 
Kumamoto-ken 
Oita-ken 
Miyazaki-ken 
Kagoshima-ken 
Okinawa-ken 
Physical Features 
A® General Description 


Prefectural Capital 


(48? 

#1 


) 

Fukuoka 



% 

) 

Saga 

(J Pc 


% 

) 

Nagasaki 

( % 

*■ 

& 

) 

Kumamoto 

< < 


& 

) 

Oita 


<'? 


* 


) Miyazaki 

( Ka 6°s h ima 

Vf > Naha 


( 


(f j> 


There are two mountain ranges, one in the north and the other 
in the central portion of the island, both running from 
northeast to southwest,, These two ranges divide the island into 
northern Kyushu, central Kyushu, and southern Kyushu<> In 
addition to the above two mountain ranges, there are three 
volcanic zones which pass through Kyushu® These are 
Hakusan-kazan-chitai ( ^ lL* 'Ji ) in the 

north, Aso-kazan-chitai ( wjL/ ^ ) in 


center, and Kirishima-kazan-ch' 
in the south® The island is extremely 
three plains, Tsukushi ( 

Kumamoto in the central, and 


) 

ea^ngfonly 


) in ^ ne north, 

ad Hyuga-heiya C ft ) 


- 78 - 




in southern Kyushu along the east coast for any extensive 
farmlands® Shorelines are on the -whole deeply indented, 
especially along the west coast, but good natural harbors 
are relatively rare® 

Bo Northern Kyushfl 

lo Mountains and Rivers 

Northern Kyushu covers the prefectures of Fukuoka, Saga, 
and Nagasakio The low Tsukushi-sammyaku (average 
elevation 500-600 meters and rarely exceeding 1,000 
meters) runs from northeast to southwest, not in 
a single continuous range, but in discontinuous blockso 
Tsukushi-sammyaku ic considered to be an extension of 
Chugoku-sammyaku, and as such it has no angular 
appearance of Kyushu-sammyaku. in the south, but a smooth 
rounded appearance, indicating that it has reached an 
old age and is now in the process of being leveled into 
pene-plains<> The mountains are granitic in structure and 
through these blocks of granite hills, the rivers, such 
as Onga-gawa ( )lj ) and others, flow in a 

northerly direction and drain into the Japan Sea® 

Along the southern fringe of this low range flows 
Chikugo-gawa ( ^ )t ) )® This river flows westward 

and opens up a relatively! wide plain of Tsukushi-heiya 
along its lower drainage® 


2® Coastlines 

The northwestern section of Kyushu has one of the most 
well-developed coastlines, but provide the region 
with hardly a good port® The western end of Tsukushi- 
sammyaku extends into Hizen-hanto ( Jk ) 

which has numerous secondary peninsulas, some or which 
are* 

Higashi-Matsura-hant5 

Kita-Matsura-hanto ( ^ Jlj ) 

Nishi-Sonogi-hanto ( ^f^ ) 

These peninsulas form numerous bays, such as: 

Karatsu-wan ( y^ ) 

"Chura-wan ( ^ y^j ) 

Chij iwa-wan ( ^ y% ) 


-79- 


Ariake-kai 


( 


# > 


Shimabara-wan v 

One other important bay is Hakata-wan ( ^ 

in the northo The city of Fukuoka is located/by ^ 
this bay* 


Islands 


the adjacent seas are 
t important ones ares 

many islands, but of these 

i the 

Iki 

( 


) 

Tsushima 

( 

n Jh 

) 

Hirado 

c 

* ? 

) 

Goto-shoto 

c 

i- % % 

) 


Between Tsushima and Korea is Tsujshima-kaikyo ( 

)» and. between Iki and Kyushu is Iki-kaikyo * 


Central Kyushu 
1* Mountains 


Central Kyushu is that part of Kyushu covered with the 
mountains of Aso-kazan-chitai* Here one finds many 
active volcanoes of -which Aso-zan is the most famous* 
This volcano has a crater -which measures 16 kilometers 
east-west by 24 kilometers north-south end is considered 
one of the greatest craters in the world* From this 
crater floor rise five new volcanic cones of which only 
one, Naka-dake ( vp Jf- ), is at present active, 

and at least one redches an altitude of 1592 meters* 
Within the larger crater several villages are found 
connected by railway with the city of Kumamoto* These 
villages are surrounded by excellent farmlands and 
grazing grounds.* Other volcanoes belonging to this 
system are Kuju ( :/{_> ) s Yufu ( *£) ), 

Tsurumi ( jg. ), jftTtago ( -3- )f etc*, 

in the east, / and / xara ( 7^ • -S ) and 

Unzen ( ^) inAdie west* 

There are also many hotsprings of which the most 
famous are those in the city of Beppu on the east 
coast* 


SO- 


2 


Plains and Rivers 


Uiere are two plains, one in the west and the other 
in the easto 


3 0 


a 0 In the west « Kumamoto-heiya through vhich flows 
Shira-kawa ( ^ ))| )„ 


bo In the east - 5ita-heiya through which flows 
“Ono-gawa ( ) I ] ) and 

■Oita-ga TO ( )• 

Shorelines 


Ihe shorelines ar§ relatively smooth with Kunisaki- 
hanto ( If) jH ) forming Beppu-wan ( 

in the east, ana Udo-hanto separating Shimabara- J t * 
^ yt^ ) from Yatsushiro-kai ( y\^'f /) ^y 


wan ( 


in the > wWs 


Southern Kyushu 

lo Kyushu-sammyaku (yL.’^V I /U whish is considered to 

be an extension of Shikbku-sammyaku runs from north¬ 
east to southwest in the shape of the letter "S u . 

This range which contains such high peaks as 
Sobo-san ( ~ffL-3h J-\ ) (1758 meters) and Ichifusa- 

yama ( -pfc ) (1722 meters) is considerably more 

rugged than 'Tsukushi-sammyaku in the northo In southern 
Kyushu one also finds Kirishima-ka^an-chitai extending 
southward into the sea through the inner side of the 
Ryukyu chaiiu There are many active volcanoes belonging 
to this system, such as Sakurajima( ), 

Kaimon-dake ( J^j ), etco 

2o Plains and Rivers 


Rivers have their sources in Kyushu-sammyaku flowing 
eastward or westward and the plains are developed 
along these rivers 0 

a 0 Of those rivers flowing eastward ares 

Grokanose-gawa ( jit- |-|] )lj ) 

T5yodo-gawa, etc. ( ^ )lj ) 


bo Of those rivers flowing westward ares 

Kuma-gawa ( ^ j^r )1 j ) 

Sendai-gawa, etc* ( )|j )ij ) 

3o Shorelines and Islands 


Generally the shorelines are smoother than those of 
northern Kyushu* In the east, the district that faces 
Bungo-suido presents a Ria-type shoreline with many 
small identationso In the south are two peninsulas, 
Satsuma-hanto ( Jk ) and Usumi- 

hanto ( )! f oraed by subsidence of 

Kagoshima-wan )° ^^hin this bay is a 

small island of / 5a£ur^jiml ( Jp^r ) which 

became contiguous to the shore as a insult of an 
eruption in 1914 0 In the west is Yatsushiro- 
kai ( /V ) enclosed by Udo-hant3 and 

Amakusa-shoto* Koshiki-jima ( 1§£sT )* 

which comes under the prefectural jurisdiction o£ 
Kagoshima-ken, lies to the south of Amakusa-shoto* 


Nansei-shotS (Retto) ( v§? 


% 


) 


Nansei-shoto is a chain of island lying between the East 
China Sea and the Pacific Ocean in a form of an archo 
It is made up of the following four groups of islands? 

^ Ik 


Satsunan-shoto 

Okinawa-shoto 

Tokara-rettC 

Sakishima-shoto 


f W ff] 

C v± *>!, 

c 


S3. 


^ll ) are 
>akishima 


Satsunan ( ^ ijn ) and Tokara ( 1PJ: 
under Kagoshima-ken*, whereas Okinawa and ana 
comprise the prefecture of Okinawa* At present the 
islands south of 30 N 0 Lat^ with the exception of 
Kuchi-no-shima ( \y ^ ), do not come under the 

political jurisdiction oitne Japanese government 0 


Hie language of the inhabitants is quite different from 
the standard Japanese! in fact, it is quite incomprehensible* 
In addition to this, differences in the dialects among 
different i slan(is are quite marked* This makes it doubly 
difficult to understand the Okinawans * conversation* Not 


only the language but also customs and mannars differ 
considerably from those of the mainland Japanese, and some 
aspects of their civilization lead one to believe that 
in former days they had closer contact with the-Chinese 
than with the Japanese® 

The islands are, on the -whole, very infertile, but because 
of the warm climate and abundant rain, sweet-potatoes, 
sugar-canes, bananas, and pineapples' are widely cultivated., 
The islands have been very important in the Japanese 
economy as a provider of cane sugar., 


Ill® Climate 


KyushuMshiho has one of the most favourable climate in 
all Japan® Its mean, annual temperature is about 60 degrees F®$ 
January average about 46 degrees F 0 j and July averages 
about 77 degrees F® Such mild climate is attributable to 
its comparatively low latitudinal position, but also to the 
warm Kuro-shiwo ( % current) which 

flows in the adjacent"seas throughout the year® This 
currant which travels northward along the eastern coast 
of Taiwan changes its course somewhat^to_the northeast, 
and as it approaches the island of Kyushu, it branches^ out® 

The western branch travels along the west coast of Kyushu, 
passes through Chosen-kaikyo ( ) &nd ™* sh9S 

the Japan Sea coast of the Japanese mainland® The eastern 
branchcontinues its flow northeastward along the southern 
coasts of Japan as far as about 37 degrees N® Lat® The 
temperature of this current ranges from about 30 degrees 
to 70 degrees F® which is considered to be very high®. This 
current brings.about warm and humid climate wherever it 
touches the land® The effect of this current is quite evident 
in Kyushu with i bs consequent high temperature and high 
humidity®. Rainfall is plentiful in KyushG with the exception 
of the regions bordering Setonaikai® 3he rainfall is heavier 
in summer than in winter, and more abundant in the^ south 
than in the north® The heaviest rainfall is experienced 
in that portion south of Kyushu-Sammyaku facing the Pacific 
Ocean -where the annual rainfall exceeds 2500 mm® In northern 
Kyushu the annual rainfall averages 1500-2000 mm® 


The climate of the Ryukyu chain is that of the typical marine 
type climate, viz®, a very small difference between the 
summer high and winter low® The summer high is about 81 
decrees F® (July average) and the winter low is about 
61°degrees F® (February average)® The reasons for this 
high temperature are that the islands are (l) s * tu *''* d , 

lotor latitudes, (2) Winn Japan current surrounds the 
and (3) land influence is negligible because of the smallness 


- 83 - 


of the size of the islands 


IV. Industries 

A. Agriculture 

1«, General Description 

Along with the manufacturing industries, agriculture is 
the most important industry of the region, although its 
development has been impeded greatly by sprawling mountains 
such as Ttukushi, Aso, Kyushu, and Kirishima covering 
most of the island*. In spite of this physical handicap, 
the region is favoured by climate ideal for agriculture, 
and this has made Kyushu the important farming 
area in Japan*, “With the exception of Okinawa, the 
yearly agricultural output of each prefecture has been 
valued at 30 million yen as follows8 


Fukuoka 

70,290,000 

yen 

Kagoshima 

68,381,000 

yen 

Kumamo to 

55,219,000 

yen 

Oita 

36,564,000 

yen 

Miyazaki 

36,563,000 

yen 

Saga 

36,453,000 

yen 

Nagasaki 

31,435,000 

yen 

Okinawa 

19,270,000 

yen 


Of the various crops raised, rice is the most important 
crop, followed by -wheat and sweet potatoes*, 

2 0 Rice 

This is the most important crop raised*, Fukuoka-ken 
leads with an yearly output of over 2 million koku 
(next to Niigata)o Other prefectures producing over 
a million koku are Kumamoto, Saga, Oita, and Kagoshima. 
Rice fields are more numerous on the plains of 
Tsukushi, Kumamoto, and Onga-gawa basin*. In southern 
Kyushu and Hizen-hanto, dry fields are more prominent. 

3. "Wheat and Naked Barley 

The above two crops rank next to rice in importance. 


- 84 = 


Fukuoka-ken produces over 1 million koku of wheat ranking next 
to Ibaragi and Gumma in Kwanto in its output 0 Naked barley 
is raised on the plateau, land of Kumamoto-ken whose production 
is also over a million koku a year, ranking first in Japan. 
Other prefectures also produce wheat and naked barley to a 
considerable extent,, In recent years wheat has increased its 
importance and the acreage for naked barley is gradually 
being reduce do 

U* Sweet potatoes 

Sweet potato which is consumed as a substitute for rice and 
wheat is raised all over Kyushu, but most abundantly in 
Kagoshima, Okinawa, and Nagasaki» 

5® Other Agricultural Products 

a„ Millet - Primarily raised in Kagoshima and KumamotOo 

b„ Soy beans - Raised mostly in Kagoshima, Kumamoto, 
and Nagasaki® 

Co Tobacco - raised in Kagoshima 0 Yearly income from this 
source is valued at 1,200,000 yen. 

do I-grass - Raised in Oita-ken. This grass is dried and 
manufactured into the t.atami-covering. 

e. Sugar cane - Raised in Kagoshima and Okinawa-ken® 

Bo Sericulture 

Sericulture is principally pursued jin Kumamoto, Miyazaki, and 
Kagoshima, but on the whole, Kyushu-chiho lags behind in the 
development of this industry compared with other regions. 

C o Animal Industry 

1. Hcrses are raised mostly on the plateau regions of southern 
Kyushu in Kagoshima, Kumamoto, and Miyazaki® The r&£?ion 
ranks third in the total number of horses, next to Ou and 
Hokkaidd. 

2® Cows are raised throughout the island, but they are most 
numerous in Kagoshima, <3ita, Kumamoto, and Fukuoka® 

Hogs and goats are raised in Kagoshima and Okinawa. 

D. Forestry 

. Lumber industry flourishes in the mountains of Kyushu- 


- 85 - 


sammyaku, especially in the southern parts, in Kagoshima, Miyazaki 
and in Hitoyoshi-bonchi in southern Kumamoto 0 The principal 
trees felled are pine trees in the northern parts, and cryptomeria 
cypress, fir, etc*, in the southern parts<> These timbers are 
milled into building and construction materials as well as into 
charcoal, Kyushu as a -whole is also famous for producing bamboo 
from which various decorative articles as well as articles for 
everyday use are made* 

E* Fishing Industry 

The importance of fishing industry in Kyushu is said to be second 
to that of Hokkaido* Whereas in Hokkaido the catches are pre-_ 
dominantly cold water fishes, those caught in the waters Kyushu 
are of warm water species, such as sardines, yellow-tails, 
tunas, mackerels, squids, bonitas, etc* The fishing is mostly 
done on the west coast where indented shores offer good fishing 
ports* Of thg prefectures, Nagasaki leads all the others with 
an annual catch worth 20 million yen, and competes for the 


second place with Yamaguchi 

and Shizuoka* 

The others ares 

Kagoshima 

10,000,000 

yen 

Fukuoka 

8,000,000 

yen 

Oita 

6.000,000 

yen 

Miyazaki 

5,000,000 

yen 

Saga 

lt,000,000 

yen 

Kumamoto 

U,000,000 

yen 

Okinawa 

3,000,000 

yen 

Also a few salt fields are 

found along the 

coast of Oita 


facing Setonaikai* 

F* Mining Industry - Kyushu-chiho is comparatively rich in mineral 
deposits* 

1* Metallic Minerals 

a* Gold and silver - Kushigino and Yamagano in Kagoshima 
Taio’ ( j£_ ) and Bajo 

( ^ ) in (3ita* 

b* Copper — Very little mined* The principal mines are 
Makimine ( ) in Miyazaki and 

Saganoseki ( xi ) in Oita* 


c« Tin - Taniyama ( /£~ X\ ) 

/>-P _ X _in 


Taniyama ( X\ ) in Kagoshima and the regions 
of upper streams of Gokanose-gawa ( J&5 ) | ] 
in Miyazaki o ^ / 


do Refinery - Saganoseki is the refining center of the ores 

from various sources, not only those from Kyushu 
but also from Shikoku, Taiwan, and CHugoku* 

2o Coal 


Kasuya ( 
Am 


j£s rfc 


Ltsu ( 7^ ), Nagasaki 

v&> >) and Pasebo ( 


Coal is the most abundant mineral product of the region 
found in norther: Kyushu in the coal-fields of Chikuho ( 

), Karatsu 
), Miike ( ^ 

ield = is located on the island of the same"name in 
central Kyushuo The coal from these fields amounts to about 
70$ of the totaljooal output in Japan, the remainder being 
mined in Hokkaido (22^) and from Honshu mines (8$). The 
estimated coal reserve in Kyushu is said to be about 
2,^00,000,000 metric tons* In 1938, the total production 
of coal'from Japan Proper was hho6 million metric tons* Of 
the fields given above, ChikuHo-tanden is the most important, 
producing annually about lf> million tons* 


), 


). 


G* Manufacturing Industries 

The northern part of Kyushu is one of the four principal industrial 
belts of Japan* Some of the factors which contributed to the 
industrial development of this region may be summarized as 

follows s 


1* Rich coal field in the immediate vicinity* 

2. Ready availability of hydroelectric power from the 
nearby rivers* 

3* Abundant and cheap manpower* 

h» Vfell-developed transportation facilities which make transpor¬ 
tation of raw materials and finished products easy* 

5>o Proximity to the soirees of raw materials and markets for 
manufactured goods in China, Manchuria, South Sea Islands, 
and India* 

The industrial belt extends from Moji, a port town, to Orio along 
the littorals of Efokai and includes such cities as Kokura, Tobata, 
Yawata, Wakamatsu* In addition to these cities, one may add 
Shimonoseki which is across the strait from Moji* Some of the 


- 87 - 


important industries ares 

Steel - Yawata is the center* 

Shipbuilding - Shimonoseki and Nagasaki 

Cement 

Glass 

Paper 

Sugar-refining 

Flour 

Brewing (beer), etc* 

Industries in otherjparts of KyusHu ares 
Textile 

Cotton - Fukuoka and Kagoshima 
Silk - Fukuoka and Kagoshima 

Cotton spinning - Fukuoka, Nagasaki, and Kagoshima 

Chinawares - S a ga and Kagoshima 

Sake . Brewing - Fukuoka along Chikugo-gawa 

Cement - Yatsushiro in Kumamoto and Saeki in Oita 

Chemicals - Omuta in Fukuoka, Minamata in Kumamoto, and 
Nobeoka in Miyazaki* 

Shipbuilding - Nagasaki and Sasebo in Nagasaki-ken 
Vo Transportation 

Ao Railroads are better developed ih the northern parts* The three 
importat lines ares 

lo Kagoshima-honsen - Runs from Moji to Kagoshima via the west 

coasto 

2* Nippo-sen - Runs from Kokura to Kagoshima via the east coast* 

3* Nagasaki-sen - Kagoshima-honsen brances off at Tosu and 
to Nagasaki* 

B* Marine Transportation 

Shipping lanes in the northern Kyushu have been kept busy 
because of its (1) relatively good ports, (2) strategic location 
in relation to the continental countries, (3) rich coal fields, 
and (!;) well-developed manufacturing industries* 


- 88 - 


The four import-ant- ports both for coastwise and overseas 
transportation are Moji, Wakamatsu, Hakata, and Nagasaki. 

In recent years Moji has increased its importance as a foreign 
trade port. 

In the south is Kagoshima which is an important terminal point 
in the shipping with the islands to the south. 

VI. Commerce 

A. Domestic C ommerc e 

V 

aao 

The commerce of Kyushu comes within the influence of Osaka 
commercial sphere, but there are local centers, such as Fukuoka 
in the nort* , Kumamoto in the central, * nd Kagoshima in the 
southern Kyushu. 

B. Foreign Trade 

Moji, Hakata, Wakamatsu, and Nagasaki are the principal ports 
through which foreign trade flows. Especially Moji has increased 
its importance in recent years as a foreign trade port with its 
annual imports amounting to 188 million yen and exports to 
89 million yen (in 1938). 

Trade is conducted mostly with Asiatic countries and South Sea 
areas. The main import items are ores and metals, petroleum' 
and its products, industrial salt, machinery, crude rubber, 
raw cotton, raw sugar, etc. The principal items of exports are 
wheat, flour, paper, cement, sugar, pottery and glass, locomotives 
rubber goods, electrical equipments, etc. 

VII. Cities and Towns 


A. 5\iku oka-ken 


1. General Description 


This is one of the richest prefectures in the country, the 
governorship being considered second only to Kanagawa as 
a political plum. Its ports are the focal points of transport 
ation with the Asiatic countries as well as with 

Honshu. It includes rich coal fields, and an important 
industrial belt which specializes in heavy metal industry. 

In addition to this wealth, Hakata-heiya and a large portion 
of Tsukushi-heiya come within its boundaries, making 
agriculture- as equally important as manufacturing and mining 
industries. 


Moji ( -gl ) _ _ 

This city is tne entrance to Kyushu and the end of the short 


" 89 “ 


2 


ferry ride for train passengers from Shimonosekio Now under¬ 
ground tunnels connect these two cities© In recent years 
it has become an important foreign trade port with the 
export-import trade of 277 million yen© The principal export 
and import items are listed elsewhere on these pages© 
Principal industries are among others: steel manufacturing, 
sugar refining, brewing of beer, flour milling, brick 
manufacturing, etc® 


3© Kokura ( '1 ' 



) 


This city lies adjacent to Moji and is £n industrial town 
as well as railroad junction where Nippo-sen branches off 
from Kagoshima-honsen© The important industrial items are 
paper, sugar, fire-proof brick, steel, etc. 


U© Tobata ( ^ ) 

This is another industrial town sandwiched in between Kokura 
in the east and Yawata in the west® Its principal 
manufactures are steel, glass, machineries, sugar, etc© 

S® Yawata ( j 

This is the site of the largest steel mill in Japan. The 
mill itself employs about 27,000 workers normally and 
manufactures about one-fourth of the pig-iron and 
30-140$ of the steel of Japan© Japan normally needs approxi¬ 
mately ^00,000 tons (metric) of pig-iron and 2®5 million 
tons (metric) of steel© Ores are imported from Korea, China, 
and Malay© M 0 st of the coal, including that for coking pur¬ 
poses, comes from the adjacent Chikuho-tanden, but to make 
satisfactory coke, the domestic coal must be mixed with 
imported coal which is obtained from the Kaiping field 
in North China® 


6© Yfakamatsu ( ^ ) 

This is a £ort situated at the tip of the peninusla which 
embraces Dokai© It is mainly a coal exporting port, but 
also an important foreign trade port, being primarily 
an importing port© In 1938, the value of the incoming 
foreign cargo was three times that of the exports© The 
exports were largely manufactured goods for the markets 
of eastern Asia, whereas imports were chiefly industrial 
raw materials and coal® Of the imports, ore and metals 
comprised 53$ of the value of incoming cargo® 


- 90 - 


7 • Fukuoka ( ) 


Prefectural capitalo This is the largest_city and the center 
of^culture, education, and commerce in Kyushu* It includes 
Kyushu Teikoku D a igaku and various other schools of higher 
learning* The city is made up of Hakata and Fukuoka, the former 
being the port for the city* Within the city and in its 
vicinity are many historical sites of the Mongolian Invasion 
which took place in 127h and 1281* Across the bay at 
Najimawas an airport from where the commerical planes took 
off for Shanghai, Harbin and other points on the continent* 

The city is also known for manufacturing silk textile called 
Hakata-ori. 


8* Kurume ( /L ^ ) 


A textile city situated in about the center of Tsukushi- 
heiya along the bank of Chikugo-gawa. Its principal 
manufactures are n tabi w and cotton cloth called H Kurume- 
gasuri' 1 . It is a rice trading center* 



This is a city adjacent to Miike-tanden near the Fukuoka- 
Kumamoto border* Because of the available supply of coal 
for power, the city has a great concentration of industries, 
the important ones being cotton spinning, and chemicals, 
such as, dyes, nitrate ferti?.izer, ammonium sulphate, etc. 
Its port, Miike-ko, is a coal exporting port* Both the 
port and all of the factories were owned by the Mitsui 
interests who also owned the adjacent coal field* 



This is where Chikuho-tanden is located_and various mining 
towns such as Noogata, Iizuka, Gotoji, Ida, Soeda, etc* 
are found* The coal is shipped by rail to Moji or Wakamatau 
and from there by ships to other parts of Japan. 


3* Saga-ken 


1* General Description 


In the southeastern lowlands which are a part of Tsukushi- 
heiya,rice and wheat are grown. The rest of the prefecture 
is mostly mountainous, and in the central plateau region 
is the Karatsu coal field* 


2. Saga '’jjT ) 


Prefectural capital as well as rice trading center• It is 


-91- 


also known for its "sake” and ’’shoyu" brewing* 

3 • Arita ( % ® > 

This is a very picturesque town in the mountains near the 
western border* It is noted for producing chinaware called 
Arita-yaki* A large quantity of this in the form of western 
dinner sets were exported abroad* 


h» 


Karatsu ( 




) 


A popular resort town, and also a port through which 
from Karatsu-tanden is shipped out to other parts of 
It is also noted for pottery called Karatsu-yaki* 


coal 

Japan* 


C* Nagasaki-ken 


I* General Description 


The prefecture covers most of Hizen-hanto and also the ad¬ 
jacent islands* Because of the mountainous land surface, 
agriculture is limited to raising wheat and sweet potatoes* 
In order to compensate for this, the inhabitants engage 
in fishing very extensively, and Nagasaki is said to be 
one of the leading fishing prefectures* 

2* Sasebo ( 


A former naval port of major importance* It was here that 
the headquarters of the 3rd Naval District as well as 
naval shipyard was located. 


3. 


ho 


Nagasaki > 

Prefectural capital* It was through this port that the 
Dutch merchants were allowed to trade during the Tokugawa 
period* It is a foreign trade port, but it has lost its 
importance since trans-oceanic ships began making Moji 
theirport of call. It is also a city of fishing and shipbuild¬ 
ing industries for which it still retains the predominant 
position* It is still fresh in our minds that the second 
atomic bomb was dropped on this city destroying most of the 
city’s industrial facilities* 


Shimabara-hanto ( 



) 


This peninsula is really the volcano, Unzen-dake, and its 
base* In the extinct crater of the volcano is a national 
park which has long been a popular summer resort for 
foreigners. 


-92- 




6 . 


7» 


D. Kumamoto-ken 

1. General Description 

The eastern and southern portions of the prefecture are 
mountainous leaving relatively well-developed plains along 
the rivers, Shira-kawa and Midori-gawa. Rice and sweet 
potatoes are the principal crops. In the northeastern 
portion is the famous Aso-zan where horses are raised along 
its slopes. Southern mountains are known for their lumber 
production with its center at Hitoyoshi in Hitoyoshi- 
bonchi. 

2. Kumamoto ( ^5- ) 

Prefectural capital. It is the educational center in 
central Kyushu with its various advanced schools of 
specialized learnings, such as pharmacy, engineering, 
medicine, etc. It is also a rice trading center. 

3. Yatsushiro ( ) 

The city is situated at the mouth of Kuma-gawa and serves 
as the lumber distributing center for those lumbers which 
are floated down the river from the rich forest areas in 
the hinterland. The city also includes cement factory and 
paper mills. 

U. Minamata ( xK ) 


Iki and Tsushima ( y ^ ) 

These two groups of islands come under the prefectural 
jurisdiction of Nagasaki and they lie in the channel between 
Kyushu and Korea. These two islands were considered 
strategically very important and were strongly fortified. 
Islands are mountainous leaving little land far agriculture, 
although some wheat, soya-bean, and cattle are raised. 

Thus, the primary occupation of the inhabitants is fishing. 

Goto-rettD ( Jl. ^ i^ ) 

This group of islands also comes under Nagasaki-ken. Its 
principal industry is fishing with Fukae as its center. 

Hirado ( ) 

This island was long the site of an English "factory" 
or trading j)ost prior to the closing of Japan by the 
Tokugawa Shogunate in the early l?th century. 


-93- 


This is a city situated in the southwestern coast near the 
Kumamoto-kagoshima border. Its important industrial products 
are nitrate fertilizer and cement 0 


Hitoyoshi ( ) 

A lumber center in Hitoyoshi-bonchi in southern Kumamoto* 


6* Amakusa-gunto ( 



This is a group of hilly islands off the western coast of 
Kumamoto* It produces anthracite coal and high quality 
pottery clay* 


Oita-ken 


1* General Description 

Central and northern Oita are covered by Aso-kazan-chitai, 
and the southern portion by Kyushu-saramyaku* Thus, in 
central Oita are numerous hotsprings, the most famous ones 
being those in Beppu* The lowlands are limited to 
narrow coastal plains facing Setonaikai, but agriculture 
is intensively carried out, producing mainly rice and 
wheat* This prefecture is relatively ric.h in mineral 
resources, producing gold in Bajo and Taio, and copper 
in Saganoseki* 

2 * Nakatsu ( f i? > 

A city at the mouth of Yamakuni-gawa* The principal trade 
items are rice and lumber* It also has cotton spinning 
mills* But the city is best known as an entrance to 
Yabakei, a famous scenic spoto 

3* Oita ( -JC yj” ) 

Prefectural capital and the terminus for two cross island 
lines which bring much traffic* 

iu Beppu ( ff\\ ) 

A city situated 9 miles north of Oita, facing Beppu-wan 
and a well-known hotspring resort* 

So Sagan oseki ( / fjz ^ ) 

Site of a well-known precious and semi-precious metal 
refinery* Here, gold, silver, and copper ores collected 
from all over the island and from as far away as 


Taiwan were smeltered and refined. In 1936, it produced 
1W of the copper of Japan, 21.2$ of its gold, and 10.5# 
of .its silver. 


Miyazaki-ken 


1. General Description 


Aside from Miyazaki-heiya, the prefecture is covered mostly 
by mountains and plateaus. Thus, the percentage of arable 
land is the smallest in Kyushu. Furthermore, because of 
its geographical location, it is isolated from the rest 
of the land and is the least populous section of Kyushff. 

The census of 19k7 shows that the prefecture has no city 
with a population of over 100,000. The shoreline is very 
smooth, offering no port of any importance. The industries 
are extractive, primarily being fishing, agriculture, lumber¬ 
ing, and mining, although in recent years development 
of transportation facilities has brought rayon and chemical 
industries in some sections. 


2 . 


3. 


Nobeoka ( ) 


An up-and-coming industrial town situated at the mouth 
of Gokanose-gawa. It manufactures nitrate fertilizer and 
rayon. 


Miyazaki 


( i? J4f 


) 


Prefectural capital. 


U. 


5 . 


Miyakonojo ( 7^ ) 

This is the central city in Miyakonojo-bonchi near the 
Miyazaki—Kagoshima border. It produces tea and cocoon. 
It is also an important railroad junction. 


Aoshima 


< + h 


) 


A small island a short distance off the southern coast. 
It is noted for having luxuriant growth of tropical and 
subtropical flora, quite different from those on the 
adjacent coast. 


Kagoshima-ken 


1. General Description 

The prefecture is made up of two peninsulas, Osumi and 



Satsuma-hanto, and the islands to the south. Like any 
other prefecture in Kyushu, Kagoshima is mountainous with 
lowlands developed only along the river basins. The prin¬ 
cipal agricultural products are rice on the lowlands and 
sweet potatoes, tobacco, mulberry, etc. on the plateau 
regions. The prefecture is also noted for horse and cattle¬ 
raising, ranking first among prefectures in the latter. The 
prefecture includes the old province of Satsuma which was 
ruled by Shimazu, one of the most independent families in 
Japan during the Tokugawa rule. The Satsuma-men, together 
with Choshu and Doshu samurai, were the chief instigators 
who brought about the Meiji restoration. It should be 
also noted that the dialect of Kagoshima is so different 
that even people of the neighboring keng cannot understand 
it. 

2. Kushikino ( ^ ) and Yamagamo ( X\ *7 ) 

Site of a large gold mine. 

3. Kagoshima (^ ) 

Prefectural capital and the former ancestral seat of the 
proud Shimazu family. It is noted for producing Satsuma- 
kasuri and Satsuma-yaki, the former being a cotton cloth of 
a special design and the latter, a type of pottery. 

This is the northern half of the chain of islands which 
lie to the south of Kyushu and includes such islands, as 
Tane-ga-shima, Yakushima, Tokara-shoto, and Amami-shotS. 
Because of the mountainous character of the islands rice 
is not cultivated but sweet potatoes are grown everywhere 
and used by the inhabitants as their staple food. The 
industry is limited more or less to hog-raising and 
sugar cane growing. As for the customs and culture, the 
people of Tane-ga—shima and Yakushima are closely related 
to^Kagoshima, but Oshima people are more akin to those of 
Ryukyu. 

a. Tane-ga-shima ( ) 

An island situated about lihmiles S.E. of Kagoshima 
and is the largest of the Satsunan-shoto group, being 
87 miles in circumference. Here the Portuguese explorer, 
Mindez Pinto, landed in 15>1;3, and first introduced to 
the Japanese the use of firearms. 

. Yaku-shima ( A. ) 


- 96 - 


U. Satsunan-shoto ( 


b 


An island just southwest of Tane-ga-shima. It has 
several high mountain peaks, the loftiest being 
Miyanoura-dake. The Yaku sugi found here is an especially 
fine species of the cryptomeria. 

Co Oshima ( ) 

This island is more accurately described as Amami-Oshima 
to distinguish it from the many other Oshima’s, 
including the one in Izu-shichito. Its principal town, 

Nase, is a stopping point for the boats from 
Kagoshima to Okinawa. Koniya at the southwestern 
tip of the island was a subsidiary naval base well- 
protected by an outlying island. 

do Tokuno-shima ( ) 

This is an island with extremely primitive life, lacking even 
a wheeled vehicle until recent years. Ainu remains have 
been found here, showing that the Ainu’s southward expansion 
has gone further than the Japanese orthodox historian will 
admit. There is a large cave at the eastern end of the island 
about one and a half miles in depth, whence flows an abundant 
stream of drinkable water. The island has no harbor worth 
mentioning. Habu, or poison adders, are especially abundant 
in the semi-tropical forests of this island. 

As mentioned before, each of the small islands beginning 
at ‘Oshima and proceeding south, has its own language or dia¬ 
lect. Thus "arigato" in Japanese becomes "oboro-daren" in 
Tokunoshima, and "nihei-beibiru" in Okinawa. 

H. Okinawa-ken 

1. General Description 

The name of this prefecture signifies "rope of islands" and 
was designated in 1879 when the Japanese government took 
complete charge. It is comprised of two groups of islands, 
the Okinawa group and Sakishima group, the latter being 
further divided into Miyako group and Yaeyama group. All in 
all there are about fifty-five’ islands with a total area of 
861* sq. miles. This small area harbors about 600,000 people, 
and because of this excess population, a large number has 
emigrated into other countries, Hawaii and South Sea Islands 
in particular. 

Okinawa was formerly known as Loo Choo. The former royal 
family, named Sho, is said to be the descendant of the 
exiled Minamoto Tametomo and a Loochoan princess. This 
family set up a feudalism in which political, military, 
and religious controls were uniquely combined to produce 
a system which lasted for more than three centuries, to be 


-97- 


overun in the 17th century by the veteran Satsuma armies 
whicn had just returned from Hideyoshi*s Korean expedition 0 

The Loochoan language which is considered to have come 
down from the same linguistic stock as Japanese cannot 
be treated in short space, yet a knowledge of even a word 
may be of interest to some students. In both family 
and place names in Loochoo, th« character ( ), 

read in Japanese either KI or SRIRO, is very common, 
and is always read GUSUKU in Loochoan. Thus, Miyashiro 
or Miyagi is pronounced Miya'gusuku. Kanegusuku, 

Gusukuma, and Tamagusuku are a few examples. Other 
typically Loochoan names are Takamine, Tokashiki, Ueunten, 
Chinen, Sashiki, Lekusaku, etc. 

The Loochoan language has only three vowels - ah, i, 
and u - so the older or uneducated people will change 
the pronunciation of Japanese words. "Okinawa" becomes 
Uchinawa$ "tokei" becomes "tuchi" $ and the like. 

The chief products of these islands are red lacquer, sugar 
cane, sweet potatoes, and silk cloth called Okinawa- 
tsumugi, etc. Another interesting fact is that every 
rural home keeps pigs - a thing unknown in Japan 
Proper - plus the use of the pig and its blood in various 
primitive religious exercises. This may point to the 
Polynesian origin of the inhabitants, or it may be the 
custom inherited from the Chinese. 



) 


2. Naha 


Prefectural capital. The principal export is sugar. 


3. Shuri ( ^ ) 


Site of the ancient palace of the Sho family. 


-98- 


H0KKAID0-3HIH0 

Area: 

Populations 

Density: 


88,775> sq® kilometers 
3,8£2,8f?0 (19b7 census) 
U3 per sq. kilometers 


1® Position and Administrative Sub-division 

A® Hokkaido-chiho__is a rhombic-shaped island which lies to the 
north of Honshu beyond Tsugaru-kaikyo, and is comprised of 
Hokkaido main island and a few adjacent islands® Formerly 
Chishima-retto came under Hokkaido’s administrative control, 
but at present it is a Russian territory. 

B. Hokkaido is the only administrative unit designated the name 
of ”do”, but its administrative setup is essentially tne same 
as "ken”. With its capital at Sapporo, the island is divided 
into seven cities and fourteen sub-districts® These sub-dist¬ 
ricts are called ’’shicho” ( ) and each has its cen¬ 

tral city or town where the aoministrative office is located. 
The seven principal cities are as follows: 


Hakodate 

t ^ 

It 

Sapporo 

( * L 

1L 

Asahigawa 


> J 1 

Muroran 



Obihiro 

( ^ 

1 

Kushiro 

(#i) 

&- 

Otaru 

c 



Rumoi ( ^ ) 

(Incorporated after the war) 


II. Physical Features 

A. General Description 

Next to Honshu, Hokkaido is the largest island of Japan. 

Its maximum north-south distance is about 260 miles, and the 


- 99 “ 


greatest east-west length is about 280 miles <> It is rhombic 
in shape with a hook-shaped peninsula in the south-west. 

This peninsula is the closest approach to Honshu. The 
physical features, like other parts of Japan , are very 
rugged and mountainous. Only about 15-20$ of the island is of 
sufficiently low relief to permit agriculture. 

The island will be divided into following three regions for 
the discussion of its surface featuress 

Peninsular region 

Eastern region 

Central lowland region 


B. The Peninsular Region 

Long ago this hook-shaped peninsula was a continuous land 
with "Su-chiho, but by subsidence of Tsugaru-kaikyo, it became 
separated. Nasu-kazan-chitai runs through this region in 
north-south direction and leaves many active volcanoes, such 
as Ezan, Komaga-dake, Yotei-zan, etc., as well as numerous 
hotsprings and crater-lakes(Shikotsu and Toya-ko) which add 
to the scenic beauty of the region. 

C. The Eastern Region 

This is the main portion of the island of Hokkaido. Here, 
the Ezo mountain system which runs in north-south direction 
is intersected by the Chishima-kazan-chitai in the form of a 
letter "T" at the center<, The relief of this region is 
extremely complicated and rugged. The Ezo mountain system is 
made up of four ranges, Kitami, Hidaka, Teshio, and Yubari- 
sammyaku. The Kitami and Hidaka form the axis which connects 
the northern and southern vertices of the rhombic-shaped 
island, and the Teshio and Yubari run more or less parallel 
on the west to this axis ranges. Between these parallel 
ranges are several basins, such as Kamikawa, Nayoro, and Furano- 
bonchi. Chishima-kazan-tai includes such mountains as Meakan, 
Oakan, Ishikari-dake, Tokachi-dake, etc., and crater-lakes, 
such as Mashu and Kutcharo-ko. In the southeastern section 
are two extensive swampy plains, Tokachi-heiya and Kushiro- 
heiya. 

D. The Central Lowland Region 

This Y-shaped lowland is- called Ishikari-heiya and it lies 
between the peninsular and the eastern regions. Formerly 
this lowland was under sea, forming a channel between the 
two regions, but by gradual filling with sand and ash from 



- 100 - 


th e rrrers and adjacent volcanoes, and also by the uplifting 
of the channel itself, it finally tcok the form cf the present 
lowland. Consequently there are many swampy area left even 
today, and this has retarded its use as farmland although 
much has been reclaimed. In the northern part, the soil base 
is sandy, whereas in the south, the principal soil constituent 
is volcanic ash. 

E. Rivers 

All the rivers have their sources in the central mountain areas 
and emanate in all directions. One distinctive aspect of the 
Hokkaido rivers is that they meander considerably and leave 
many oxbow lakes in the vicinity. These rivers serve as the 
sources of hydroelectricity and also as spawning grounds for 
salmon• 

1. Rivers that drain into the Japan Sea 

a. Ishikari-gawa ) 

b. Teshio-gawa ( ^) 1 j ) 

2. Rivers that drain into Okhotsk Sea 



3. Rivers that drain into the Pacific Ocean 



a. Kushiro-gawa 


b. Tokachi-gawa 


F. Shorelines 

With the exception of two bays, Otaru-wan and Uchiura-wan in 
the peninsular region, the shorelines are on the whole smooth 
•with very little indentation. Well-arched sandy beaches with 
numerous sandbars and lagoons are the conspicuous aspects 
of the shoreline. 


III. Climate 


The climate of Hokkaido resembles that of the north-eastern part 
of New England and the Maritime Provinces of Canada. Summer is 
short and cool, the average temperature for the warmest month 
ordinarily being below 70 degrees F. 7/inter weather is subject 
to change, but many overcast days with much snow and rampant winds 
are characteristic. The first snow falls usually in late October 
or early November and the last snow of the year in the latter 
part of April or early May. The ground is covered with snow 


- 101 - 


IV 


throughout the winter period to the depth of ten to twenty 
inches, being much deeper on the peninsular and central low¬ 
land regions than to the east of the central mountain chain® 

The temperature on the west coast area tends to be slightly 
warmer than the eastern coast because of the warm Tsushima 
current washing the shores of the Japan Sea side® As for the 
rainfall, Hokkaido is one of the regions of least rainfall and 
the average yearly rainfall registered at various stations do 
not exceed UO inches® Rain is more abundant on the west coast 
during the winter half year, whereas on the east coast, Septem¬ 
ber is the wettest month® The east coast along the Pacific 
Ocean is also noted for its heavy fog during the summer season. 
This fog, called w gasu w by the Japanese, is one deterrent which 
limits the agriculture possibility of the region® 

, Industries 

A® General Description 

Until the turn of the century fishing remained the chief 
economy of Hokkaido® However, after the Restoration, the 
Japanese government seriously began undertaking the develop¬ 
ment of the island’s natural resources and at the same time 
relieve some bf the population pressure at home® Much 
inducement was required to force the Japanese to settle in 
this cold country, such as free land, bonus, exemption 
from taxation, etc® The result was that in 60 years’ time, 
1870-1930, about 2®7 million new Japanese colonists arrived 
to start a new life® Since then the population has been 
increasing and at present there are 3®8 million people 
making their homes in various parts of the island® These 
people came not ionly to exploit the marine resources but 
also to engage m agriculture, forestry, mining, livestock, 
and their affiliated industries® Of the development made 
in various fields of enterprises, manufacturing industry 
ranks first followed by agriculture, fishing, mining, fore¬ 
stry, livestock® Of these, the one that made the most 
rapid advancement since about 1912 is livestock industry, 

followed by manufacturing and mining® 

s 

The figures for the industrial output in 1930 were as 
follows % 


Agricultural Products 
Livestock & Dairy Products 
Forest Products 
Marine Products 
Mining Products 


liu,700,000 

yen 

(as*) 

13 ,£ 00,000 

yen 

( 3*) 

l£, 600,000 

yen 

( M) 

78,£00,000 

yen 

(18*) 

U6,000,000 

yen 

(10*) 


-=> 102 - 


Manufactured Goods 


172,600,000 yen (3 9 %) 


B. Agriculture 

During the early part of the Meiji period agriculture was a very 
insignificant part of Hokkaido's industrv. fishing being the 
most important. Only a handful of settlers along the coastal 
areas of the peninsular region engaged in farming to supply 
their everyday needs* In I 87 O the total arable land was approximate¬ 
ly 2,000 acres* But since then the importance of agriculture 
gradually rose, and fifteen years later the arable lands increased 
to 75>,000 acres, and further to 1 , 750,000 acres in 1917 and over 
2 million acres in 1930. This last figure corresponds to about 
9% of the total area of Hokkaido. In 1939 it was estimated that 
11 $ was under cultivation leaving about k million acres of 
potentially cultivable land* As for the farm households, there 
were about 180,000 in 1930* This corresponded to about h0% of the 
total number of families in Hokkaido. Of this figure, 60,000 were 
independent farmers, 90,000 tenant farmers. The agriculture 
pattern of Hokkaido is in many ways a contrast to that of old 
Japan. A land survey was conducted under the guidance of American 
technicians who were invited by the first governor to develop the 
island's resources during the early part of Meiji. Thus, the 
land was divided into a rectangular grid, patterned after the 
American system of land surveying. This is quite unlike the farm 
lands of old Japan where the land division is very irregular. 

The per capita land holding is much larger than that of in old 
Japan, being on the average 12-13 acres, or about five times as 
large as in other parts. The farming methods, too, differ 
considerably in that farm machineries are used instead of mere 
hand labor as is the custom in old Japan. The farm lands are 
predominantly dry fields which take up about J0% of the total 
cultivated areas, the balance being paddy fields. In spite of 
these limited rice fields with per unit yield of about one-third 
of that in old Japan, rice is still the most important single 
crop, producing over 2,800,000 koku per year. Other important 
crops are oats, wheat, barley, potatoes, bean, etc. The important 
industrial crops are peppermint, flax, pyrethrum, sugar beets, etc. 

C. Animal Industry 

The natural setting of Hokkaido is well-suited for raising of 
cows, horses, and other domestic animals. Unlike in old Japan, 
the cattle in Hokkaido are mostly for milk and meat rather than 
for draft animals. About 3 6 $ of the milk cows (mostly Holsteins) 
are found here producing 3h% of the country's milk. Also over 
half of condensed milk, three-fourths of the butter, and four-fifths 
of the cheese are manufactured, particularly in the Ishikari region. 
The horses are more numerous than the cows, and they are principal¬ 
ly raised in the Hidaka, Tokachi, and Kushiro-Nemuro regions. The 
other animals are hogs and sheeps, but their numbers are insignifi¬ 
cant* 


-103- 


Forestry 


Hokkaido has a forest coverage of about 16 million acres* approxi 
mately two-thirds of the total area of the Island and supplies 
about a sixth of the country’s timber requirement and a fourth 
of the pulp* All parts of the Island have a high percentage 
of forest lands* although it is much depleted in the western 
region as a result of the expanding farm and pasture lands® 

To the west of the central divide* mixed forests of broadleaf 
and conifer predominates; but to the east* the trees are 
primarily conifer 0 The total forest products were valued at 
12 million yen in 1930. The important species and their uses 
are as follows: 

Fir* Spruce* Larch - For building* pulp* and paper 

Aspen - For match sticks 

Oak - For railroad ties 

In addition to the above, charcoal is produced at the rate of 
about 250*000*000 pounds annually* of which 20*000*000 
pounds are shippe d to various parts of Japan. 

E. Fishing Industry 

Fishing was the first industry which attracted the people to 
the Island and it is still of major importance in the 
Island economy* ranking third after manufacturing and 
agriculture in its total valuation. The annual catch of 
fish and other marine products is valued at 78 million yen 
per year® The following figures give one some idea of the 
extent of this industry® (For the year 1930) 


Number of fishermen 

195,979 

Number of fishing boats 

59*160 

Transient fishermen from 


other parts of Japan 

liO*67U 

Sardine catch 

113,129*000 pounds 

Herring n 

725,088*000 pounds 

Codfish » 

123,1*61,000 pounds 

Flatfish n 

98,272,000 pounds 

Salmon " 

65,985,000 pounds 

Konbu (Sea weed) 

766*837,000 pounds 

Fish meal 

10 * 610*000 yen 

Canned fish 

1*870*000 yen 


The species of fishes caught are varied® The waters adjacent 
to the peninsular region abound in warm water fishes* such as 
sardine* squid* tuna* bonita* etc® In the waters surrounding 
the eastern region* cold water varieties* such as cod, salmon, 
herring are plentiful. The value of the cold water fishes 



caught is about five times that of the warm water fishes. The 
fishing villages are found all along the coast, but the 
important centers are Nemuro and Kushiro in the east, and 
Hakodate in the west, 

F. Mining Industry 

About 70 to 80$ of the mineral resources of Hokkaido is coal, 
supplying over 20% of the total Japanese coal output. 

Coal fields are located in Kushiro area (Kushiro-tanden - 
^ll| j) and along the western slopes of the central 
divide, lshikari-tanden ( \£j ), The potential 

deposit of the Island is about ir bithlon metric tons of which 
3/4 are in lshikari-tanden. The annual production of coal 
from lshikari-tanden amounts to about 6-7 million tons. 

Iron ore (limonite is produced in Kutchan mines which 

in 20 years period from 192£-19U£ amounted to U,818,7^6 metric 
tons of which iron content was 1,999,771; metric tons. This 
amount together with that produced in Kamaishi in Iwate accounts 
for 70$ of the total iron ore produced in Japan, 

Iron sand mines are found along the western shores of Uchiura- 
wan. These mines produced about 298,372 metric tons of iron 
sand in 19 l; 3 -l 9k5 - grade is about $0% o 

Other mineral resources are sulfur, petroleum, manganese, 
copper, and silver, but the output of these is insignificant, 

G, Manufacturing Industry 

Manufacturing industry is by far the most important industry 
of the Island, accounting for 39% in value of the total 
industrial output. The distinguishing feature of the industry 
here is that local raw materials rather than those imported are 
transformed into useful goods in large factories using modern 
machineries. The manufacturing centers are mostly located in 
the regions to the west of the central divide. Around 
Sapporo-Otaru area, canned fish, fish meal and oil, flour, 
starch, beer and sake, and various dairy products are the chief 
itemso Along the Iburi coast, paper, steel, and chemical 
industries flourish, Hakodate is also known for its 
industries relating to fisheries. In Tokachi around the city 
of Obihiro, tannin and sugar beet are the important products, 

V, Transportation 

A, Land Transportation 

1, Railroads connecting the important cities are relatively 
well-developed 0 The main lines ares 


-10 


a. Hakodate-sen ( ) 

From Hakodate to Asahigawa via Sapporo 

b. Nemuro-sen( ) 

From 1 ‘akigawa to Nemuro 

c. Soya-sen ( ^ ) 

From Asahigawa to Wakkanai 

d. Muroran-sen ( % M &J , .. 

From Oshamanbe to Iwamizawa via Muroran 

2. In addition to the railroads*the Island has a well-developed 
motorcar network. Furthermore* in the remote region, the 
system of Ekitei is still retained. 

B. Marine Transportation 

Lack of good ports and adverse climatic condition have always 
hampered the development of sea transportation of the Island; 
however, there are a few open ports which we should know. 

They are Hakodate ( AT& ), Otaru ( \ ), 

Muroran ( ^ r^j ), K&shiro ( S‘i W and 

Nemuro ( -4^1 ^ ^ )° The scheduled run of railroad 

ferry which plies'between Aomori and Hakodate keeps the Island 
in contact with the rest of Japan. 

VI. Commerce 

Otaru ( ) and Hakodate ( ) are the two 

important commercial centers of the Islancu The principal 
imports are petroleum, sugar, iron ores, etc., and the important 
export commodities are marine products, coal, lumber, paper, etc. 

VII. Population 

Hokkaido has the least population of all the regions in Japan. 

The recent census report (19^7) gives the total population of the 
Island as 3,852,85>0; density is about 1*3 per square kilometer. 

Most of the settlers are those who have emigrated from Ou or 
Hokuriku regions, the poorer sections of Old Japan. The heaviest 
concentration of the people is found in Ishikari-heiya and 
becomes less dense as one travels eastward. The cities with 
population of 100,000 or over are Sapporo ( -b, . ), 

Otaru ( -jfm, ), Hakodate ( )7and 

Asahigawa ( )| I ). In additionto tne Japanese, there 

are about 15,000 Ainus who are mostly settled in 
Iburi ( ) and Hidaka ( $ ) areas. 

Although tne Ainusstill retain some of their ancient customs 
they are gradually becoming Japanized. 


- 106 - 


VIIIo Cities and Towns 


A. Hakodate ( A ^ > 

This city which one can reach in about four hours from Aomori 
on a ferry, is the entrance to the island of Hokkaido, This 
was one of the five ports which were opened to foreign residence 
after 18&. It is now an important commerical as well as in¬ 
dustrial center, the outstanding trading item being marine pro¬ 
duct, Other important manufactures are cement, hempcloth, 
fish nets, etc, The foreign trade of Hakodate in 1938 amounted 
to about I4.O million yen. The port also serves as a base port 
for deep-sea fishermen. 



B. Otaru ( n 


) 


This city which is located at the western edge of Ishikari- 
heiya is a port city as well as the financial center of the 
Island, Its principal exports are beans, lumber, and coal. 

The coaling dock is said to be capable of accommodating four 
ships at once. The foreign trade which passed through this 
port was about UO million yen in 1938, 

C, Muroran ( y ) 

This is an important industrial city. Here is located the steel 
mills second only to Yawata Steel Works in Fukuoka, Some 
17-18$ of the pig iron and l-£$ of the steel manufactured in 
Japan originate in plants here. The city also has a good port 
whose foreign trade in 1938 amounted to about 10 million yen, 
with imports (ores, coal, and machineries) exceeding export 
(coal and sulfur), However, the domestic trade which passes 
through this port is many times as large as its foreign 
trade. The chief items of domestic exports are coal, pulp, 
and paper. 

D, Tomakomai ( /\' 

Here is located one of the largest paper mills in Japan, 

About 90$ of the newsprint paper is manufactured here. 


Sapporo ( ^ > 


This is the seat of the Hokkaido regional government. The 
city was laid out in 181*1 like an American city with 
streets lining the city in grid pattern. It is also an industrial 
city with breweries^condensed milk factories. An outstanding 
institution is the Hokkaido Teikoku Daigaku whose first 
president was Colonel Clark, an American, 


- 107 - 


Fo Iwamizawa ( £ jL vX. ) 

An important rail junction* Also the center of the coal fields* 
The largest mine at Yubari, produces 6,000 metric tons of coal 
a day* 


Go Asahigawa ( )) J ) 

This inland city is the center of rice culture for the Island, 
and a fast growing city 0 It was also a military center, being 
the home of the 7th Infantry Division* 


Ho 


Obihiro ( 



) 


The agricultural center in Tokachi-heiya* This is the center 
of beet sugar industry as well as horse-raisingo 


Io Kushiro ( /^)l| ) 

A principal port city in the Kushiro area* Outgoing cargoes 
consist mainly of coal, lumber, pulp and paper, and marine 
products, and to a lesser extent, farm products* 

Jo Nemuro ( it £ > 

This town is situated in about the center of Hanasaki-hanto 
facing Nemuro-wano It is a fishing port and an important 
hopping point to Kurile* 


K* Abashiri ( ^ ) 

The only worthwhile port on the Kitami coast* It is noted for 
fishing and manufacturing of match sticks* 


- 108 - 














































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